Geography

Urban Greening

the process of increasing and preserving open space urban areas
The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes

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Urban Greening in Bristol
statistics

More than 1/3 of Bristol is open space
Over 90% of the population live within 350 km of parkland or waterways
8 nature reserves and 300 parks in the city

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Green initiatives for Bristol

27% of the city to be part of a wildlife network
30% of the city to be covered in trees

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Bristol waste statistics

amount of waste produced per head in Bristol is 23% lower than the UK average
city produces over 1/2 a million tonnes of waste per year

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How is Bristol reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal

reducing amount of waste sent to land fills
- reducing waste generated per household by 15% - increasing the amount of waste recycling by 50%
-agreeing higher targets with contractors who handle household waste
- improving recycling tech

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Finzel Reach

A 2 hectare Brownfield site near the CBD with old industrial buildings
It is now a high density development used for
- office space
-shops
- 400 apartments

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Avonmouth waste treatment plant

Treats 200000 tonnes of waste per year. The non recyclable waste is used to generate enough energy to meet the needs of nearly 25000 homes

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Atmospheric pollution in Bristol

Vehicle emission is the main source of air pollution in Bristol
around 200 a year die due to it in Bristol

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what is being done to improve air pollution in Bristol?

- electrical vehicle programme with charging points in 40 public parks
- Smart phone app with info on public transport
- Frome Gateway, a walking and cycling route to the city centre

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Filwood area statistics

- more than 1/3 of the citizens are in low- income housing
- in the top 10% of socially deprived areas in the UK

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Filwood statistics

-over 1300 crimes per year
- 2013 only 36% of students got too grades in their GCSEs
-Poor access to shops selling fresh fruit and veg
- 1/3 of people aged 16-24 are unemployed
- 45.4% of the properties are owned

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Stokes Bishop statistics

- 81% of housing is owner occupied
- highest level of car ownership in the city
- less than 4% of children live in poverty
-less than 300 crimes a year
- only 3% are unemployed
- life expectancy above the city average

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Green Belt in Bristol

a green belt was set up between Bristol and Bath to prevent Urban Sprawl & the merging of the 2 cities

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Urban Sprawl

Physical expansion of towns or cities into the country side

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what is being done to prevent Urban sprawl

- green belt between Bath and Bristol
- between 2006-2013 only 6% of new housing developments were on Greenfield land
- by 2026 over 30000 new homes are planned on brownfield sites
- brownfield developments will be a higher density compared to Greenfield

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Brownfield site

land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits reuse, often found in urban areas

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Greenfield sites

A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area that has not been built on before

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Brown field sites advantages

- More likely to get planning permission
- Cheaper as don't have to put road access and drainage in
- Stop city urban sprawl as already in the city
- better for environment as don't destroy habitats
- existing buildings can be put to a range of uses

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Brownfield sites disadvantages

- Areas has to be cleared and buildings may have to be destroyed which takes time and costs money
- Less space for gardens
- Don't have much choice on what to build
- Buying land is expensive

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Greenfield site advantages

- Cheaper to build on than Brownfield sites as they are likely to have lower land values and are less likely to be in need of clearing up operations.
- Greenfield sites may be a more pleasant environment and have less congestion.

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Greenfield site disadvantages

- No roads, would have to build them.
- not easy to get planning permission.
- increase congestion, noise and air pollution in the area
- impacts on the ecology and the loss of habitats
- loss of open space
- effect of development on the local flood risk

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why did the Temple Quarter need regeneration

- very run down
- gave a bad impression to visitors
- contained the station so the first place visitors see when they enter Bristol

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why has the regeneration of the Temple Quarter successful

- Enterprise Zone status: encourages economic growth and create jobs. Incentives for businesses to move there like and business rate relief
-Improved access from in and around Bristol
- New bridge across River Avon to Bristol arena

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Bristol Arena

will allow for smaller theatre style events but can fit up to 12000 spectators. can also be used for major conventions, exhibitions and sporting events
outdoor will planned to be a place for people to visit, it will host outdoor events

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Brunel's engine shed

an example of the re-use of a listed building
it is an £1.7 mill innovation centre
the new centre is home to high-tech, creative and low carbon sector companies and will add to Bristol's importance as a major UK high-tech centre

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What makes Bristol a major city in the UK

- 2 universities
- largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside California
-the UK's 8th most popular city for foreign visitors
- 2 cathedrals
- several theatres and music venues

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why is Bristol and important city internationally

- strategic position on the M4, good rail and road links, easy access to London, rail and ferry services
- airport
- the development of global industries
-the high level of inward investment
- Bristol University attracts students from all over the world

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Positive Impacts of migration in Bristol

- hard working and motivated workforce
- enriching the city's cultural life
- mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population
- contribute to local and national economy
- improving the level of skills where there are shortages

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What changes are affecting Bristol

- Population is growing rapidly
-over 2 mill live within 50 km of the city
- more accessible with its network of motorway, road, rail and air networks
- more people under 16 than the pensionable age
- population is becoming more ethically diverse

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cultural opportunities in Bristol

- youthful population means there is a vibrant underground music scene as well as many nightclubs and bats
- many theatres
- ethnical diversity bring in many different cultures

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leisure and recreation in Bristol

- has 2 professional football teams, a rugby union team and is the headquarters for the Gloucestershire County Cricket
- all these teams are developing their stadiums to provide a range of leisure and conference facilities and accommodation

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Cabot Circus

opened in 2008 & cost £500 mill. Needed as development of Cribbs Causeway affected the CBD shopping as many major shops moved there and less people went to CBD, Cabot Circus brought shoppers back in as it was easily accessible & has many major shops

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Bristol Harbourside

was part of the project to regenerate the central part of the city. Former warehouses and workshops have been converted into bars and nightclubs and cultural venues.
The free 3-day annual Harbourside festival attracts around 300000 spectators

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How has Bristols industry changed?

- traditional industries were based on its function as a port, however, the port closed
- it now has major developments in services and high tech sectors

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Bristol employment

Bristol unemployment rate was below the UK average.
Employment growth in Bristol is projected to be higher than for the UK as a whole

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Why have high tech industries developed in Bristol?

- government grant to become a super connected city
- close links between city council and the university
- an educated and skilled workforce
- advanced research at the university
- different industries working collaboratively in research and development

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Examples of global companies in Bristol

- Aardman Animations
- Toshiba
-Huawei
- the largest concentration of micro electronic and silicon design businesses in the Bristol area after California's Silicon Valley

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Aardman Animations

- creators of Wallace and Gromit
- one a Oscar and many other awards

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Ministry of Defence Procurement Agency

- Government put it here to decentralise agencies away from London
- It employs over 10000 people and was built on a Greenfield site
- as the number of the DPA increased there was a need for more housing, this contributed to Urban sprawl and development o

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The aerospace industry

- 14/15 of the main global aircraft companies are found in Bristol
- Led to the growing of supply chains to provide for these companies

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How did Bristol get the award of European Green Capital

- increase the use of renewable energy by 2%
- reduce water pollution by improved monitoring and maintenance and establish an Air Quality management plan to monitor air pollution
- improve energy efficiency, reduce energy use by 30% and CO2 by 40% by 202

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low carbon industries in Bristol

- Bristol plans to increaser the number of jobs in low- carbon industries from 9000 to17000 by 2030

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Integrated transport system

- in 2012 Bristol was the second most congested city in the UK
- The ITS connects different method of transport making journeys smoother and faster
- electrification of line to London means greener transport, faster, reliable and more sustainable

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Problems of dereliction in Bristol

- many industrial building are no longer in use due to the port closing and are now derelict
- many are abandoned and have fallen into decay
- mainly in the inner city

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Stokes Croft

- inner city area consisting of a high density of derelict and abandoned properties
- many empty buildings were taken over by squatters
- the area suffered from riots and antisocial behaviour

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what is being done to improve Stokes Croft

- Bristol City Council obtained lottery grants to help improve the poor economic activity and environmental decay in the area
- activists and artists revitalised the area through community action and street art, now known for its shops, music, nightclubs

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problems with the improvement of Stokes Croft

- there have been protests about the possible gentrification of the area, which would mean many people could no longer afford to live there

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Stokes Bishop education statistics

-nearly 50% of the population have a degree or equivalent
- 94% of students got 5 or more top grades for GCSE

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negative impacts of migration in Bristol

- challenge of integration into the wider community
- the need to provide education for children whose first language
- Pressures on housing and employment

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Positive impacts of ITS

- encourages people to use public transport more often instead of cars
- reduces air pollution and traffic congestion
- more sustainable

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