GCSE sGeography (everything you need to know using CGP Geography revision guide)

These are quick questions which are condensed into easy and sufficient notes to learn for a exam.

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What is a natural hazard?
It is a natural process which could cause death,injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property.
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What is a natural disaster?
It is a natural hazartd that has actually happened.
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Give an example of a extreme event which does not cause any threat to human activity.
A drought in an uninhabited desert or an avalanche in Antartica.
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What are geological hazards caused by?
They are caused by land and tectonic processes.
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Give some examples of geological hazards.
Volcanoes,Earthquakes,Landslides and Avalanches.
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What is meteorological hazards caused by?
They are caused by weather and climate.
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Give some examples of meteorological hazards.
Heatwaves,Coldspells.Tropical storms,Climate change and Extreme weather.
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What is hazard risk?
It is the probality that a natural hazard occurs.
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Give an example of an area exposed to vulnerability.
A city at the base of a volcano e.g Naples in Italy is very vulnerable to volcanic eruptions.
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Summarise vulnerability in your own words linking it to affecting hazard risk.
The more people that are in areas exposed to nautural hazards,the greater the probality they will be affected by a natural hazard- so the hazard risk is higher.
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Name an area where there is population density on a floodplain.
An area with high population density on a floodplain is Bangladesh which is very vunerable to flooding caused by extreme weather.
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Summarise capacity to cope in your own words linking it to affecting hazard risk.
The better a population can cope with an extreme event, the lower the threat.
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Why can HIC'S cope better with extreme events?
Higher income countries can cope with extreme events e.g flooding because they can afford flood defences and can repair any damage.
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State a earthquake example.
A 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck L'Aquila in Italy around 300 people died.
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State another earthquake example.
A magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck Japan in 2011 and killed over 15 000 people.
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Why is it easy to predict a tropical storm than a earthquake?
Tropical storms can be predicted an monitored, giving people time to evacuate to safety whereas, earthquakes happen very suddenly with no warning and it is very difficult to protect people.
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What is the outer layer of the Earth?
The outer layer is the crust.
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Describe the core of the Earth.
It is a ball of solid inside and a liquid on the outside which is made of iron and nickel.
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What are the two types of crust tectonic plates are made of?
The two types of crust are continental and oceanic.
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Describe the Continental crust.
The continental crust is thicker (30-50km) and is less dense.
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Describe Oceanic crust.
The oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) and more dense.
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What are destructive margins?
Where two plates are moving towards each other e.g. along the west coast of South America.
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What are constructive margins?
Where two plates are moving away from each other e.g. the mid-atlantic ridge.
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What are conservative margins?
Where two plates are moving sideways past each other or moving in the same direction with different speeds e.g. along the west coast of the USA.
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What do destructive margins create?
They create volcanoes and ocean trenches.
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What are ocean trenches?
Very deep sections of the ocean floor where the oceanic plate goes down.
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Why do tectonic plates move?
They move because of convection currents in the mantle underneath the crust.
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State the name of given to plates which meet?
They are called plate margins or plate boundaries.
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What happens to magma in the constructive margin?
The magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cools creating a new crust.
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Describe the process when the destructive plates form ocean trenches and volcanoes.
When a oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle and is destroyed.
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Desribe the process when destructive margins form mountain ranges.
Where two continental plates meet,the plates collide and the ground is folded and forced upwards.
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Name the 4 parts of Earth.
Crust, Outer Core, Inner Core and Mantle.
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Explain the formation of a volcano.
The oceanic plate moves down into the mantle, where it is melted and destroyed. A pool of magma forms. The magma rises through cracks in the crust called vents. The magma erupts onto the surface forming a volcano it is then know as lava.
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What happens at constructive margins? (volcano)
The magma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart forming a volcano.
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Where do volcanoes also form?
They form over parts of the mantle that are really hot known as hot spots e.g Hawaii.
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What can ash do when produced by a volcano?
It can cover the land, block out the sun and form pyroclastic flows.
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What does pryroclastic flows mean?
They are super-heated currents of gas,ash and rock.
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What does the moment scale measure?
It measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake known as magnitude.
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Compare a magnitude 7 earthquake to a magnitude 6 earthquake.
A magnitude 7 earthquake is ten times more powerful than a magnitude 6 earthquake.
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Characterestics of Magnitude 7.
It can cause damage and deaths.
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Characterestics of Magnitude 6.
It can cause slight damage to buildings.
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What is the epicentre?
It is on the Earth's surface straight above the focus.
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Describe how tectonic plates cause an earthquake.
The plates eventually jerk past together, sending out shock waves. These vibrations are the earthquake.
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What happens near the focus?
The waves are stronger and cause more damage.
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List some primary effects of an earthquake.
Buildings and bridges collapse,People are injured or killed and Electricity cables are damaged.
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List some secondary effects of an earthquake.
Earthquakes can trigger landslides and tsunamis, leaking gas can ignite starting fires and reconstruction can be expensive.
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List some immediate responses of an earthquake.
Setting up temporary homes, putting out fires, International aid and temporary supplies.
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List some long term responses of an earthquake.
Re-house people who lost their homes,reconnect broken electricity and improve building regulations.
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What are tsunamis?
They are a series of enormous waves when huge amounts of water gets displaced e.g by an earthquake forming under the ocean floor.
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List some primary effects of a volcano.
Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows, crops are damaged and people get suffocated by volcanic gases.
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List some secondary effects of a volcano.
Mudflows,flooding caused by hot rocks and transport networks are blocked.
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List some immediate responses of a volcano.
Aid workers,evacuating people and rescuing anyone.
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List some long term responses of a volcano.
Repair infrastructure,boost the economy and update monitoring.
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What are mudflows?
Mudflows also known as lahars form when volcanic material mixes with water e.g from heavy rainfall or snow melt.
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List some primary effects of L'Aquila earthquake.
300 deaths,1500 people injured,6000 people homeless and Water pipe broke near the town of Paganica.
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List some secondary effects of L'Aquila earthquake.
Aftershocks,Fires and Electricity phone services being interrupted.
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List some immediate responses of L'Aquila earthquake.
Camps,Army sent to rescue civilians and Money provided by the governments.
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List some long term responses of L'Aquila earthquake.
New settlements to accomodate 2000 residents,most of the city centre being built up and investigation why modern buildings were not built to withstand earthquakes.
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List some primary effects of Kashmir earthquake.
80000 deaths,Tens of thousands people being injured and 3 million people made homeless.
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List some secondary effects of Kashmir earthquake.
Diseases spread due to no clean water and electricity lines broken.
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List some immediate responses of Kashmir earthquake.
International aid from other countries to help, Medical supplies were provided for them and help wasn't reached to many people.
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List some long term responses of Kashmir earthquake.
40000 people from one destroyed town have been relocated and Aid given to rebuild homes.
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Why do people choose to live close to volcanoes?
Volcanoes are tourist attractions,soil near the volcano is full of minerals from lava and volcanic ash and they might be employed in that area.
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Explain monitoring strategy for reducing the effect of tectonic hazards.
Networks of seisometers and lasers monitor the earth's movements and scientists can monitor escaping gas from the volcano.
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Explain the prediction strategy for reducing the effect of tectonic hazards
Earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted and which can forecast which areas should be prepared.
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Explain the protection strategy for reducing the effect of tectonic hazards.
Buildings can be designed to withstand a earthquake,bridges can strengthened and automatic shut off switches to turn off gas and electricity to prevent fires.
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Explain the planning strategy for reducing the effect of tectonic hazards.
Future planning to avoid areas most at risk having a lot of damage,Emergency services can train if the worst happens and People can be educated and learn the safety protocols.
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What does the mantle surround?
It surrounds the core.
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Describe the mantle.
It is a semi-solid rock, which is molten and can move.
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What layer of the Earth do we live on?
We live on the crust which is a very thin outer shell.
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What do you call it when two tectonic plates meet?
A plate margin or a plate boundary.
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What is the Earth's crust broken into?
It is broken into tectonic plates.
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Where do convection currents happen?
They happen in the upper mantle.
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Describe Molten rock drags plates.
When heated molten rock rises, the molten rock drags the tectonic plate that is on top of the mantle with it.
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Name the 3 types of plate margins.
Destructive,Conservative and Constructive
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Describe Conservative plate margins.
The plates are made of rock that have jagged edges so they catch and snag against each other.
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Describe Constructive plate margins.
The plates diverge away from each other and the convection currents diverge and cause a gap between the plates. Magma rises to fill the gap created.
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Describe Destructive plate margins.
The rocks catch against each other as the plates don't have smooth surfaces.
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Describe what happens at the subduction zone.
The oceanic plate slides beneath the continental plate.
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At what plates can volcanoes form on?
Constructive and Destructive plate margins.
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What happens at hotspots?
There is a hot mass of rising heat under a weakness in a plate.
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Describe Destructive plate margins when forming volcanoes.
The denser oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate is forced under the continental plate at destrcutive margins. The friction and the pressure causes vents to form in the continental plate. Magma rises from the vents.
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Name a volcano which had formed on a Destrutive plate margin.
Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a highly explosive volcano which produces a lot of gas and lava above the surface.
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Describe Constructive plate margins when forming volcanoes.
At constrcutive plate margins, the plates diverge. The convection currents in the mantle diverge and cause a gap between the plates.Magma rises up to fill this gap.
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Name a place where volcanoes form on Constructive plate margins.
It is common in Iceland.
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Describe lava.
Lava is magma above the surface.
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Describe magma.
Magma is molten rock.
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Name a gas that volcanoes emit.
Sulphur
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Describe ash.
Tiny pieces of burnt rock fragments that are blown into the atmosphere.
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When is a volcano formed?
It is formed when magma rises from inside the Earth and erupts onto the surface.
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Name a hotspot.
Mid-Pacific hotspot.
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What can ash cause?
Can cause suffocation.
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What can volcanic bombs do?
Thye can burn people or knock them out.
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Secondary effects of volcanoes.
Forests and Farmland can be lost e.g. Mountain Saint Helens erupted in 1980, where 9.3 million m3 of timber was lost.
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Example of a supervolcano.
The 1815 of Mount Tambora on the Indosian Island of Subawa was known as a supervolcano produced 160 cubic meters of ash,lava and gas into the stratosphere.
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What are volcanoes blamed for?
The fall of the Xia Dynasty and the disappearance of the Minoan Civilisation.
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What did Peru's Huaynaputina do?
It triggered famine in Russia in 1600.
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What is a Caldera?
After a volcano collapses the magma chamber sinks below and the magma and ash still rise causing it to explode.
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Immediate responses of a volcano.
Aid,Warning and monitoring,Evacuation and Temporary infrastructure.
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Examples of infrastructure.
Transport,Electricity and Power.
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When does an earthquake happen?
An earthquake happens when the Earth’s tectonic plates move and cause the ground to shake.
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What are Earthquakes?
Sudden or violent movements within the Earth's Crust.
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What is the focus?
The focus is where the pressure is released underground and where the energy radiates out from.It is the place with the strongest waves.
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What are Seismic waves?
Energy is released from the focus in shock waves and the most damage will occur where the shock waves are the strongest.
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What is the epicentre?
The epicentre is the point directly above the centre of the earthquake on the Earth's surface.
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Name the 3 parts of the Earthquake.
Focus,Epicentre and Seismic waves.
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What is the moment magnitude scale?
It measures the magnitude of an earthquake by measuring how much energy it releases.
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Why are Immediate responses important?
They are important because they limit damage.
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Why are Long term responses important?
They help an area fully recover from the effects of an earthquake.
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What is wind?
Large-scale air movements.
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What causes wind?
Differences in air pressure causes wind.
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What causes differences in air pressure?
The difference in temperature between low and high latitude e.g. it is much warmer at the equator than the poles causes differences in air pressure.
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How does air pressure affect the winds?
Winds move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.
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How many cells do a hemisphere have?
3 cells.
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What does warm rising air form?
It forms low pressure belts.
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What does cool sinking air form?
It forms high pressure belts.
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What are global atmospheric circulation cells made out of?
Cool sinking air and Warm rising air.
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What is the component of global atmospheric circulation cells?
Wind.
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What does the global circulation model describe?
It describes how air circulates between low and high pressure belts as a result of differing conditions at differing lattitudes.
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What is the Earth's surface warmed by?
It is warmed by the sun by the equator.
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Describe what happens at 30 degrees North and South.
At 30 degrees North and South,the cool air falls. This results in a high pressure belt with minimal rainfall and no clouds.When the cool air reaches the Earth's surface, it moves as the surface winds towards the equator or the poles.
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Describe what happens at 60 degrees North and South.
At 60 degrees North and South, cold air from the poles meet the warm surface winds, because the warmer air is less dense, it rises and forms a low pressure belt. The air splits, with some returning back towards the equator and the rest to the poles.
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Describe what happens at the Poles.
At the poles,cool air sinks and forms a high pressure belt which moves as surface winds go back towards the equator.
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What type of surface winds blow in the direction of the poles known as?
They are known as Westerlies.
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Which direction do Westerlies blow in the Southern Hemisphere?
South-West
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Which direction do Westerlies blow in the Northern Hemisphere?
North-West
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What type of surface winds blow in the direction of the Equator?
They are known as Trade winds.
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Which direction do Trade winds blow in the Northern Hemisphere?
North-east
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Which direction do Trade winds blow in the Southern Hemisphere?
South-east
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What are Tropical storms defined as?
Intense low pressure weather systems that are characterised by extreme rain and wind.
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Describe how Tropical storms form over water?
Tropical storms form over water that is 27 celcius or warmer.Energy from the warm water increases the wind speeds in the storms.The storm strength decreases when going over cool water or land.
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What causes the storm to spin?
The rotation of the Earth causing the storm to spin by deflecting the winds.
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Near the Equator are the winds Easterlies or Westerlies mostly?
Mainly Westerlies and the Tropical storms usually move west.
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What way do Tropical storms spin in the Northern Hemisphere?
Anticlockwise
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What way do Tropical storms spin in the Southern Hemisphere?
Clockwise
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What does Climate change lead to?
Increases in temperature.
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What would increasing temperature mean for the world's ocean?
A greater proportion of the world's ocean will be warmer than 27 celcius and this would mean tropical storms will happen in more places.
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If the temperatures remain high what will happen to the intensity of Tropical storms?
The greater the intensity of the storm the more damage there will be.
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What can scientists monitor storms by?
Radar,Air Craft and Satellite.
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How can accurate prediction help people?
Allows people to prepare, protect their property and evacuate.
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How can people protect buildings and places from a storm?
Putting them on stilts to prevent flood water damage and using reinforced concrete.
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How can people prepare for a storm?
Emergency services, future planning for tropical storms and efficiency of evacuation.
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Summarise Hurricane Katrina.
In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit Mississippi and Louisiana in the USA. The effects were severe, with New Orleans suffering particularly badly because its flood defences failed.
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Give some primary effects of Hurricane Katrina.
Electricity supply cut off for 3 million people,Coastal habitats damaged,Bridges collapsed and 1800 people died.
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Give some secondary effects of Hurricane Katrina.
Hundreds of thousands became homeless,Sewage and chemicals contaminated water and Damage to businesses.
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Give some immediate responses of Hurricane Katrina.
Charities were provided to those effected,Emergency centres and Control centres set up and Supplies were stockpiled.
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Give some long-term responses of Hurricane Katrina.
In low lying areas buildings should be put on stilts,14.5 billion spent on repairing and 16 billion provided by the US government to build homes.
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When does a drought normally happen?
When an area does not have enough precipitation.
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What can droughts lead to?
Low water supplies which can cause crop failures.
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What are heatwaves?
Extended periods of hot weather.
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How can you solve the problems of drought?
Governments can introduce water conservation measures to avoid negative imapacts like drought.
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What can heatwaves cause?
Breathing difficulties and Heat exhaustion.
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What industry can profit from heatwaves?
Tourism
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What can snow and ice cause?
Slipping on ice,Major travel disruption and school/businesses closed down.
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Where are the strongest winds in the Uk?
Coastal and Upland areas.
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Name some characterestics of a thunder storm.
Heavy rains,common in southern and eastern Uk in the summer months and can cause fires.
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Name some characterestics of a hailstorm.
Can destroy property and crops and dangerous to drive.
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Name some characterestics of rain.
Flooding damages property and businesses closed.
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What was the most wettest year recorded in the Uk?
2013
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What was the most wettest month recorded in the Uk?
December 2015
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a natural disaster?

Back

It is a natural hazartd that has actually happened.

Card 3

Front

Give an example of a extreme event which does not cause any threat to human activity.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are geological hazards caused by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Give some examples of geological hazards.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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