English Language Key Words (AS)

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Dipthong
How two vowels next to eachother sound different to the vowels when they are alone, e.g. "pan" and "pain".
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Accent
A distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.
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Dialect
The language you use (depending on where you live).
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Accomodation
Coverging or diverging your accent according to who you are speaking to.
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Denotative Meaning
A words actual meaning.
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Connotative Meaning
Associations to a word.
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Figurative Language
Alluding to something without directly stating it. Can be done through metaphors, similies, hyperbole, symbolism, personification etc.
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Semantic Field
A lexical set of items with related meanings, e.g. "blue", "crystal" and "waves" may create a semantic field of water.
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Antonym
A word with opposite meaning to another, e.g. "happy" and "sad".
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Hypernym
A word with a broad meaning constituting a category into which words with more specific meanings fall, it is an umbrella term e.g. "dog".
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Hyponym
A word of more specific meaning than a hypernym, e.g. "border collie" rather than "dog".
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Occupational Register
Technical vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity.
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Sociolect
Dialect of a particular social group, like age or social class.
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Idiolect
The speech habits subject to one individual.
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Neology
The use of a new word or expression or of an established word in a new or different sense.
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Semantic Change
The evolution of word usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage.
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Morpheme
The smallest grammatical unit in language.
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Phrase
A set of words, often carrying a meaning.
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Modification
An optional element in phrase structure or clause structure. A modifier is so called because it is said to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.
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Clause
The smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers.
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Active Voice
The subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
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Passive Voice
The verb comes first and is followed by the subject who has performed the action.
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Tense
The time period in which the verb of a sentence places an action.
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Aspect
Allows us to describe or understand how an event unfolds over time.
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Co-ordination
A frequently occurring complex syntactic structure that links together two or more elements, known as conjuncts or conjoins.
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Sub-ordination
The process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on (or subordinate to) another.
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Sentence
A set of words that is complete within itself.
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Word Class
A catergory of words of similiar form or function, e.g. nouns or adjectives.
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Implicature
Implying a meaning beyond the literal sense of whats explicitly stated.
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Inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
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Irony
Using words to signify the opposite meaning of the context stated, usually for mockery or humour. Needs direct contradiction between the thing and the context.
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Deixis
Words and phrases that require additional context to be understood, e.g. "me", "he", "here" or "today".
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Politeness
Ways in which language is employed in conversation to show consideration of others feelings.
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Face
A persons identity whilst speaking.
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Discourse Markers
Organizing speech into segments, e.g. "well" and "however".
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Adjuncts
A word or phrase that constitutes an optional element or is considered of secondary importance in a sentence, e.g. "on the table" in "we left some flowers on the table".
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Narrative Structures
The structural framework that underlies the order and manner in which a narrative is presented to a reader, listener, or viewer. The narrative text structures are the plot and the setting.
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Anaphoric Reference
The use of an expression to refer back to something previously mentioned in the discourse.
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Cataphoric Reference
The use of an expression to refer forward to something that is coming up in the discourse.
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Exophoric Reference
The use of an expression thats meaning is not explicit from the text itself, but is obvious to those in a particular situation.
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Endophoric Reference
A signal to the reader that they are to look back for the meaning of the expression, it has been previously mentioned in the discourse.
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Interdiscursivity
The aspect of a discourse that relates it to other discourses.
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Critical Discourse Analysis
Approach veiwing language as a form of social practice.
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Typography
The style and appearance of printed matter.
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Orthography
A set of conventions for writing a language. It includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.
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Multimodal Texts
A text that combines two or more semiotic systems. There are five semiotic systems in total: Linguistic: comprising aspects such as vocabulary, generic structure and the grammar of oral and written language.
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Filler
A sound or word used to signal thinking in conversation, e.g. "er" and "urm".
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False Start
An attempt to start speech which fails due to being unprepared, e.g."oh, wait no".
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Repair
Recognizing a speech error and correcting it, e.g. "I mean".
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Back-channeling
Feedback a listener gives to the speaker to show they understand, e.g. "yeah", "mmm" and "wow".
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Phatic Talk
Small talk, the use of language to establish sociability, e.g. "uh-huh", "have a nice day" and "nice weather today".
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Ellipsis
Missing words out of a sentance but it still making sense, e.g. "went to the shop yesterday".
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Elision
Missing out sounds in a word, e.g. "history" becoming "histry".
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Non-Fluency Feature
A general term for the mistakes and corrections that we make as we think and speak at the same time. the length of a pause is indicated in brackets ([4.0] is a four second pause, [.] is simply a breath).
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Tag-Question
When a declarative or imperative line is turned into an interrogative line, e.g. "you are John." becoming "You are John, arent you?".
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Adjacency Pair
A unit of conversation that contains an exchange which is related, e.g. "Hiya" and "Hello".
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Determiners
Either referring (show who or what noun refers to) or quantifying (show how much/how many of something there is).
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Definite Article
The
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Indefinite Article
A/An
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Demonstrative
This vs/ That
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Possesive
Mine vs/ Yours
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Quantifier
How much/many of things there are.
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Preposition
Express relationships within events like where things are, e.g. "on", "in" and "over".
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Interjection
Express sudden emotions or feelings, e.g. "WOW".
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.

Back

Accent

Card 3

Front

The language you use (depending on where you live).

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Coverging or diverging your accent according to who you are speaking to.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A words actual meaning.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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