Diabetes

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Diabetes was recognised around 1500 by
Egyptians
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Mellitus is used with the word diabetes, this is because the urine of diabetic people is
Sweet
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_______________ found that pancreas removal from dogs resulted in diabetes
Egyptians
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_____________ said diabetes is due to a deficiency of insulin, produced by the pancreas
Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer
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It is estimated that __________ people worldwide have diabetes
347 million
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_________ of people with diabetes live in low/middle income families
80%
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It is estimated that __________ adults are overweight in the world
1.1 billion
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Out of 1.1 billion adults that are over weight, __________ of them are obese
312 million
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Plasma glucose normally remains between ______
4 - 7 mM
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Glucose levels are regulated by insulin and glucagon, released by the endocrine __________
Pancreas
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Glucagon is produced by ______
Alpha cells
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Insulin is produced by ________
Beta cells
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Pancreatic acinar cells are
Exocrine
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Insulin in humans is monomeric, composed of ______ polypeptide chains
Two
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The two polypeptide chains of ________ have 21 and 30 amino acids
Insulin
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_________ --> proinsulin --> insulin
Preproinsulin
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________ has a c chain, and a single peptide
Preproinsulin
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_________ has a c chain and a and b chains are connected by disulphide bridges
Proinsulin
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__________ has no c chain, and a and b chains are connected by disulphide bridges
Insulin
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________ promotes the deposition of glycogen in the liver
Insulin
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_______ promotes triglyceride storage in adipose tissue
Insulin
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__________ activates glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in muscles
Insulin
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__________ is an anabolic peptide hormone
Insulin
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The binding of _______ to its receptors initiates events that result in the uptake of glucose and either its metabolism or storage as glycogen
Insulin
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_________ is a 29 amino acid peptide hormone
Glucagon
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__________ major target is liver
Glucagon
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__________________ causes increased blood glucose levels
Glucagon
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___________ causes glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, and release of glucose into the blood
Glucagon
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The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
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The synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non carbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis
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The more glucose in blood, the more glucose uptake via GLUT2 receptors on beta cells, the more ____________
Insulin release
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__________ blocks gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Insulin
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When cells are saturated with glycogen, insulin promotes the conversion of excess glucose to _________
Fatty acids
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________ are packed as triglycerides in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and transported by blood to adipose
Fatty acids
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When triglycerides reach adipose tissue in LDLs, lipoprotein lipase turns triglycerides into fatty acids so that they can __________
Enter the adipose tissue
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Fatty acids are stored in adipose tissue as__________
Triglycerides
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___________ is caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to almost total deficiency in insulin secretion
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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__________ is caused by two defects: resistance to insulin as well as a deficiency in insulin secretion
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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__________ has hyperglycemia
Both type 1 and type 2
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___________ can cause ketoacidosis, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, blindness
Hyperglycemia
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A fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 7.0mmol/l (126mg/dl) means
Likely to have diabetes
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A 2 hour plasma glucose of greater than or equal to 11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl) means
Likely to have diabetes
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Large urine output is ______
Polyuria
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Excessive thirst is
Polydipsia
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Exessive hunger and food consumption ________
Polyphagia
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The presence of excessive lipids in the blood of a person
Lipidemia
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____________ is the release of ketones into the body when fat is broken down for energy
Ketogenesis
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___________ a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine
Ketonuria
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Acetone breath is a sign of ___________
Ketogenesis
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_________ is abnormally deep or rapid respiration
Hyperpnea
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Glucose draws water ____________ the urine by osmosis in a diabetic
Into
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___________ also known as insulin dependant
Type 1
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_________ also known as juvenile onset
Type 1
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Ketosis is state the body goes into when it burns ___________ for fuel
Body fat
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________ accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases worldwide
Type 1
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The incidence of type 1 has been globally rising, and is highest in _________
Finland
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'T cell mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta islet cells'
Type 1
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If new pancreatic cells are implanted, they are __________ in type 1 diabetes
Destroyed
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Median age diagnosis of type 1 is ____
12
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Genetic disorder resulting from the combined action of alleles of more than one gene
Polygenic disorder
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Around _______ loci contribute to type 1 diabetes
20
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Acidosis accompanied by ketosis
Ketoacidosis
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An increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue
Acidosis
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A state of elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body
Ketosis
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Elevated levels of ketone bodies, and elevated acidity in the body
Ketoacidosis
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_________ of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes present with ketoacidosis
25%
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A random plasma glucose concentration of _________ will diagnose type 1 diabetes
Greater than or equal to 11.1mmol/l
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These are injected just before, with or after food and have peak action of 0-3 hours
Rapid action analogues
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These tend to be injected once a day to provide background insulin lasting approximately 24 hours
Long acting analogues
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These should be injected 15-30 minutes before a meal, they act for 2-8 hours
Short acting insulins
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These are taken once or twice a day to provide background insulin or in combination with short acting insulins or rapid acting analogues
Medium and long acting insulin
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Insulin pumps are constantly attached to the body and deliver constant ___________ insulin
Rapid/short acting
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Non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
Type 2
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Impaired insulin secretion and decrease in insulin sensitivity
Type 2
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30-70% of ________ can be linked to genetics
Type 2
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Antidiabetic agents are given at first then insulin injections in _______
Type 2
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A type of drug that increases insulin secretion
Sulphonylureas
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The new and widely prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes is
Metformin
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Age of onset for type ______ is over 30 years
Type 2
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Diabetes ________ the risk that an individual will develop cardiovascular disease
Increases
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_______ is the primary cause of death in people with type 1 or 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
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Diabetic retinopathy is ___________ microvascular complication of diabetes
Common
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Diabetic retinopathy is caused by ___________
Hyperglycemia
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In _____________ the glomeruli are damaged by sclerosis leading to reduced renal failure
Diabetic nephropathy
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Mellitus is used with the word diabetes, this is because the urine of diabetic people is

Back

Sweet

Card 3

Front

_______________ found that pancreas removal from dogs resulted in diabetes

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

_____________ said diabetes is due to a deficiency of insulin, produced by the pancreas

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

It is estimated that __________ people worldwide have diabetes

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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