BIO: psychopathology

?
how can we define abnormality?
statistical infrequency, violation of norms, distress, dysfunction.
1 of 49
what os somatogenesis?
treatment of physical illness
2 of 49
what is general paresis and when was it first recognised? symptoms?
broad decline in physical and psychological understanding discovered in 1800s, symptoms are delusions, hypochondria (worry about having a serious illness) and dementia
3 of 49
what is the somatogenic hypothesis? who by? when?
Richard von kraft-ebing (1890s), argues mental illness arises from physical illness or infection, related to long term syphillis infection, causes inflation of brain.
4 of 49
what did Emil kraeplin contribute ro psychiatry?
he came up with the classification of mental illnesses, said that multiple symptoms = syndrome, first categories were manic depression and demtia praecox
5 of 49
what is the psychogenetic hypothesis? what theory is this related to?
symptoms arise via psychological processes, related to iceberg theory which says that unconscious psychological process are in conflict and mental illness results firm defensive behaviours/ thoughts working to resolve this conflict
6 of 49
what is catharsis?
the rapid release of negative emotions
7 of 49
what is the diathesis stress model?
people can have a predisposition to a disorder however this is only triggered by a life event
8 of 49
what are the classification systems for mental disorders?
DSM and ICD
9 of 49
DSM come back to slide 17
dsm
10 of 49
what are the benefits of projective tests as a diagnosis? disadvs?
advs: access to treatment and resources, disadvs: stigma, culturally bound, some abnormalities not illnesses
11 of 49
what is the DSM criteria for major depression?
feeling of sadness and helplessness, lost interest in daily activities, serve and occur over extended period
12 of 49
how many people in Uk suffer with depression (diff genders)? co-morbidity? what are the cognitive and physical defecits?
men = 17-12%, women = 20-25, often suffer with anxiety too, cognitive defecits such as working memory and physical such as sleep disorders
13 of 49
what is dysthymia? why may people not be diagnosed?
less severe than deppression, longer term than major depressive, often not diagnosed as people believe its part of their character
14 of 49
what is the criteria for dysthymia?
depressed for most of day for at least 2 years, presence of two or more symptoms such as poor apptite/overeating, sleeping disorders, low energy, low self esteem, poor concentration and hopelessness, never been without symptoms for less than 2 months
15 of 49
what are the implicated neurotransmitters for dysthymia?
norepinephrine (tricyclics), dopamine, serotonin (SSRIs as treatments)
16 of 49
how is the limbic system related to depression?
increased activity but when treated returns to normal levels
17 of 49
what is the theory of learned helplessness? stages/phases?
learning phase: animal exposed to pain in situation where can't escape, test phase: escape made possible, animals endure pain and thus doesn't try to escape
18 of 49
what are the cognitive factors of depression?
1) negative schema = negative views of self, world and future, 2) rumination = tendency to repeat in head how miserable u are,
19 of 49
social factors of depression?
war/conflict, poverty, discrimination, cultural norms (i.e display of emotion rules)
20 of 49
what is bipolar disorder?
major depressive disorder with manic episodes, during the period of mood disturbance 3 or more symptoms persist: inflated self esteem, no need sleep, talkative, distractibility, goal orinetated, interest in activities w/painful consequences
21 of 49
what is the co-morbid activities involved in bipolar disorder? how many commit suicide? more men or women?
drink and drug abuse, 20% commit suicide, men less but more successful than women
22 of 49
what is the concordance rate for identical twins? non identical?
60% identical, 20% not
23 of 49
implicated neurotransmitters for bipolar disorder?
norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
24 of 49
what part of the brain's activity is affected by bipolar disorder?
increased activity of amygdala
25 of 49
DSM criteria for anxiety disorders - slide. 48
dsm
26 of 49
types of anxiety disorders?
phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD, acute distress disorder and post traumatic distress disorder
27 of 49
what is a phobia? what are the different types?
intense irrational fear coupled with great effort to avoid, different types are specific phobias and social phobias
28 of 49
what are social disorders?
intense fear of being watched and judged, emerges in childhood, high risk of substance abuse
29 of 49
what are specific phobias?
extreme irrational fear of particular object/situation,
30 of 49
what is a panic disorder? symptoms?
occurrence of unexpected panic attacks, symptoms include restricted breathing dizziness tingling feeling sweating trembling chest pains and heart palpitations
31 of 49
what is a general anxiety disorder? symptoms?
continuous and pervasive feelings of anxiety, symptoms include feelings of inadequacy, over sensitive, difficulty concentration, shaky and restricted breathing etc
32 of 49
what are obsessions? what are compulsions?
1) obsessions = recurrent and unwanted disturbing thoughts 2) ritualistic behaviours to deal with obsessions
33 of 49
what are stress disorders? psychological effects?
triggered abruptly by an identifiable and horrific event, psychological effects i.e period of numbness and dissociation
34 of 49
types of stress disorders? explain.
acute distress disorder = recurrent nightmares/ waking flashbacks 2) post traumatic stress disorder = enduring reaction to trauma, persistent for 1 month after
35 of 49
what parts of brain's activation is affected by specific and social phobias?
hyper activation in amygdala and insula
36 of 49
what parts of brain's activation is affected by post traumatic stress disorder?
hyper activation in anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex
37 of 49
how can specific phobias be a result of classical conditioning?
experienced negative event (US) leading to fear (UR) and object cue linked to event (CS)
38 of 49
what is vicarious conditioning?
person acquires conditioned response merely by observing someone else fear
39 of 49
do genetics cause anxiety disorders?
no, they provide part of the diathesis and triggered by event
40 of 49
what is schizophrenia? gender differences?
abnormal disintegration of mental functions, males more severe and earlier onset
41 of 49
what are positive symptoms? for schizophrenia?
positive symptoms are behaviours absent from healthy population, ie.e delusions (untrue beliefs), hallucinations (sensory experiences), disorganised behaviour
42 of 49
what are negative symptoms? in schizophrenia?
negative symptoms are behaviour usually evident in healthy population, i.e withdrawal
43 of 49
what are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?
inability to maintain coherent train of thought, deficits in. conceptualisation, planning, cognitive flexibility and working memory
44 of 49
what type of disorder is schizophrenia?
a neurodevelopment disorder
45 of 49
social and psychological risk factors of schizophrenia?
low socio-economic status, urban upbringing, poverty, family environment, poverty, migration, low IQ
46 of 49
what is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
associated with abnormally high level of activity in networks sensitive to the dopamine neurotransmitter, evidence from classic antipsychotic drugs
47 of 49
what is the biological basis of schizophrenia?
dysfunction of glutamate transmission, phencyclidine blocks glutamate receptors and indices schizophrenic symptoms. structural abnormalities egg enlarged ventricles, loss of grey matter in frontal and temporal lobes
48 of 49
what are the structural abnormalities of schizophrenia?
enlarged ventricles, loss of grey matter in frontal and temporal lobs
49 of 49

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what os somatogenesis?

Back

treatment of physical illness

Card 3

Front

what is general paresis and when was it first recognised? symptoms?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the somatogenic hypothesis? who by? when?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what did Emil kraeplin contribute ro psychiatry?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all bio resources »