AQA psychology keywords

Encoding

Changing information so that it can be stored

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Storage

Holding Information In the memory system

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Retrieval

Recovering Information from storage

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Multi - Store

The Idea that information passes through a series of memory stores

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Sensory store

Hold information received from the sense fro a very short period of time

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Short - Term memory

Holds approximately seven chunks of information fro a limited time

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Long- Term memory

Holds vast amounts of information for extremely amount of time

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Recency Effect

Information received later is recalled better than earlier

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Primary Effect

The first information received is recalled better than subsequent information

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Reconstructive memory

Altering a memory to make more sense to the person

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Structural Processing

Thinking about the physical appearance of the words to be learnt

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Phonetic processing

Thinking about the sound of a words to be learnt

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Semantic Processing

Thinking about the meaning of word to be learnt

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Levels of Processing

The depth at which information is thought about when trying to learnt

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Interference

Things that we have learnt that makes it difficult ti recall other information that we have learnt

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Retroactive interference

When information we have learnt hinders our ability to recall old information

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Proactive interference

When Information we have already learnt hinder our ability to recall new information

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Context

The General setting or environment in which activities happen

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Anterograde amnesia

Being unable to learn and retain new information

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Retrograde

Being unable to recall old information

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Hippocampus

A Structure of the brain where memory is stored

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Reliability

In the Context of Eye wittiness testimonies, the extent to which it can be regarded as accurate

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Leading Question

A question that hint that particular type of answers is required

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Cognitive Interview

A method of questioning witness that involves recreating context of a event

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Stereotypes

An oversimplified and generalized idea of a group of people such as The homeless, the stereotypes is there all druggies

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Communication

Passing information from one person to another

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Verbal Communication

Communication through words

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Para-linguistics

Vocal features that accompany speech

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Tone of Voice

the ways word are spoken to convey emotion

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Emphasis

Giving prominence to some words more than others

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Intonation

inflection in the voice when speaking

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Non-Verbal communication

Conveying information that require the use of words

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Eye Contact

When two People in a conversation are looking at each other at the same time

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Pupil Dilation

When the Pupils The eye expand to look larger

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Practical implications

suggestion about behavior in the real world beyond the research study based upon what psychologist have discovered

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Body language

A general term to describe of non-verbal communication

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Posture

The positioning of the body, often regarding as non-verbal communication signal

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Postural Echo

Mirroring and other person body position

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Confederate

an actor in or stooge who appears to be genuine in a experiment

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Closed Posture

Positioning the body with closed arms

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Open posture

positioning arms so they are not folded

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Personal space

The appropriate distance between people

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Sex difference

Difference in which males and females stand togethor

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Individual difference

Factor that makes one person not the same as another person

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Cultural norms

The range of the behaviour that members of a particular social group or society can be expected to show

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Status

a person rank and position within society

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Personality

The thoughts feeling and behaviors that make an individual unique

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Temperament

the genetic component of personality

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Longitudinal studies

a study over as long period of time

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Monozygotic twins

twins developed from one fertilized egg

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Dizygotic twins

Twins developed from two separate eggs

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Type Theory

personality are thought to be inherited. they can be described

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Extrovert

Easy going and sociable

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Introvert

A prefer to be in there own company and have a small group of friend

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Neurotic

Highly emotional and anxious with little to no friends

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Personality scale

ways of measuring a person behavior tendinitis

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Psychotic

The 4th dimension of the Eysenck scale

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DSM-IV TR

List different mental disorders and the criteria fro diagnosis

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Amygdala

Part of the brain involved in emotion

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Grey matter

The outer layers of the brain

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Prefontal Context

the very front of the brain involed in social and moral skills

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socioeconomic factors

social and financial that can effect an individual

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media

newspaper, tv

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role Models

someone who a child looks up to

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Prejudice

View on a group of people that aren't verbalized

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Discrimination

View on a group of people that are acted upon

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Authoritarian personality

People who's personality is prone to prejudice

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F scale

The Questionnaire used by Adorno to measure personalty characteristics

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Robbers Cave

the Name given to sheriffs experiment

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In-groups

a group of people you believe you have something in common with for fro example your psychology groups

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Out-groups

A group of people whom you believe you have you have nothing in common with.

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Jigsaw method

The name given to the technique used by Aronson to reduce prejudiced

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Expert Groups

Another name fro the jigsaw method

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Contact

Seeing, Speaking or writing to someone

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Empathy

Understanding other feelings ( Psychopath have the inability of empathy )

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Hypothesis

An idea that can be tested using The three variables

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variables

factors in experiments

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Independent Variable

The variable in which that resaerch is changed

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Dependent

the Variable we mesure

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control

the Variable we keep the same

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experiment

a test using the three variables

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Condition

An dual Trial experiment

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Order effect

This Occurs when a participant change idea in a second trial

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participant variable

the Variable in which participant are different

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standardized procedures

a set order of events

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Radom Allocation

a Procedure in which a participant is randomly tested

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counterbalance

a Procedure to event out affairs

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Extraeous variable

the Variable that effect depedent variable

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control

naking sure an experiment is fair

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instruction

infomation given during an experiment

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Randomization

using chance to produce and order for a procedure

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Ecological validity

expeiment that might be seen as unsafe

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objectivity

not affecting result on person bias

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Partipants

a person who is selected to take part in an experiment

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sample

a small experiment group

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target population

a large group that reachser wish to study

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representative

the sample group made up of similar people

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generalized

a result that can be used on a target population

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Random sample

any member of a group in a small portion

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Opportunity sample

people who are members of the target population

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systematic sample

every nth member of the target population is selected

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starified sample

to obtain this a sample must be of differnt subgroups but from one target population such as indian american but one from any tribe

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Raw Data

the collected idea of a study

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mean

a statistic calculated by adding all the scores up and dividing but the total amount

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median

the middle value

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range

a the difference between the highest to lowest value

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Anomalous result

a result that different a noticed pattern

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percentage

a proportion of a factor of 100

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ethical issue

points of concern about someone moral right

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Learning

A change in behavior due to new experience

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Classic conditioning

a procedure during which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex response with new stimulus

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Classic Conditioning schedule

the steps in the procedure to condition a new response

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unconditional stimulus UCS

a natural response to a stimulus

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unconditional response UCR

the reflex response to a natural stimulus

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conditioned stimulus CS

A new response to a stimulus

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conditioned response CR

the reflex response to stimulus

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Extinction

When a condition dies out

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Spontaneous recovery

When a condition resurfaces after extinction

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Generalized

the condition response is reproduced that has disappearing suddenly appears again

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discrimination

_ conditions terms_ the condition only occurs when a specific factor is at play

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operant Conditioning

learning caused by consequence of behavior

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Law of effect

behaviors that are followed by rewards

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Punishment

A stimulus weakens behavior that is disapproved of

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reinforcement

a stimulus that strengthens a behavior that approved of

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positive reinforcement

rewards fro good behavior

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negative reinforcement

Punishes bad behavior

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Behavior Shaping

changing behavior thew teaching tactics

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Phobia

The persistent fear of a object or idea e.g. Agoraphobia

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Flooding

treatmentt for phobia the that envlove place a person in the phobia situation

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systematic desensitization

relax the person and then slowly introducing the fear

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Hierarchy of fears

a ranking system for fears

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aversion therapy

a treatment for addiction that make the addict feel a negative reaction to addictive substance

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Primary reinforcement

reward such as food that makes something needed to survive

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secondary reinforcement

a reward that can be used to by a primary reinforcement

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Social influence `

the effect other ideas have on someone

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conformity

a change in idea and behavior because of a pressure groups

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obedience

following the orders of others with authority

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Socialization

the we are raised to behave in public

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Buffer

something that causes distance teacher and learner

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deindaviuation

the state of losing our sense of individuality and becoming less aware of actions

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Anonymous

being able to keep sense of own identity

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mundane realism

an everyday situation that is life-like and is not artificial

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CCTV

closed-circuit television used for surveillance

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social loafing

putting less effort in while in a group

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culture

a group of people who share idaes

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diffusion of responsibility

in a group there is less need to act because someone who i dominate could do something

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Altruism

helping someone with out think even if it has a great cost

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Bystander apathy

doing nothing in an emergency when doing is in need of help

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practical implication

behavior that occurs in the real world

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sex identity

the biological term for a child sex identified through hormones

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gender identity

the psychological term for a child's gender, identified through ideas and behavior's

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phallic stage

third stage of psycodinamic development

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identification

to adopt the attitudes and behaviors of the same sex parents

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oedipus complex

male gender development

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electra complex

female gender development

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gender disturbance

not developing the gender that relates to sex

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modeling

a role model provides an example for the child

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vicarious reinforcement

learning from role model by being rewarded and punished for behavior

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Gender stereotype

believing that gender have certain roles to fro-fill

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gender schema

mental building blocks of gender

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gender roles

behavior seen as masculine or feminine

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highly gender schematized

what is gender appropriate and inappropriate

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aggression

behavior aimed at harming others

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hormones

chemical messengers

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chromosomes

strands of DNA

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thanatos

the part of the unconscious that causes our aggression

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ego defence mechanism

behavior strategies used for protection

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vicarious learning

learning via observation

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PET scan

a way of seeing the working of a brain

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repress

keeping emotion under control

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ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder

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Ritalin

a drug used to calm

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psychosugery

an operation on the brain to remove a bad part cause behavior interference

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catharsis

the process of getting rid of emotion by watch other experience them

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curvilinear

the relationship that increases in strength to a point but the decreases

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Questionnaire

a set of standard questions about a topic that give to a participant group

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survey

a method for collecting data from large numbers

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closed question

a question with a yes or no response

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open question

a question that can be interpuated

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unambiguous

something that has only one meaning

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interview

a method of collecting data

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interviwee

the person being interviewed

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structured interview

preset questions are asked

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unstructured interview

Get Revising

AQA psychology keywords

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