Mood amplification, increased confidence, exhilaration, reduced fatigue, and a generalised sense of well being in human users
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What are the severe effects?
Irritability, hostility, anxiety and fear, exhaustion, total insomnia, compulsive motor stereotypes
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What is the first Dopamine pathway?
Mesolimbic pathway is implicated in naural reward and drug abuse
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What is the second dopamine pathway?
Nigostriatal pathway is damaged in parkinsons disease
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What is the pharmacology of amphetamine?
Family of synthetic psychostimulants, all related structurally to DA
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What is methamphetamine?
More potent than amphetamine because its effects of the central nervous system and is therefore favoured by substance abusers when it is available
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What is a similarity between cocaine and amphetamine?
They go on binges for 3-6 days
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How was amphetamine developed?
Ephedra now banned apetite suppressant, in 1920, ephedrine used for asthma, led to search for synthetic substitue- amphetamine inhaler
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What is amphetamine professionally used for?
Narcolepsy and pseudoephedrine still used as bronchodilator
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What is the pharmacology of amphetamine?
Indirect DA agonist, high dose MAOI, also NA release, central and peripheral,
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What is the half life?
7-30 hours
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What do people take?
Repeated IV injections
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Amphetamine action in the neuron
Amphetamine is taken up by DAT, inside terminal provokes Dopamine release, Plus dAT functions in reverse o further release dopamine
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What does this result in?
Massive increase in synaptic Da concentrations and an associated stimulation of dopamergic transmission
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What do recent studies show?
Amphetamine anime mediated reversal of DAT function is facilitated by an activation of protein kinase c and calcium resulting in phosphorlyation of transporter
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What did Griffith find?
Participants users but no prior history of psychosis, given 10mg detoxamphetamine every hour for 5 days
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What happened?
all became psychotic within 2-5 days, delusions mostly auditory also included poisoning by experimenters and electric dynamo
Da reduced DAT density, 5HT particularly 'ecstast'
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What did McCann et al find?
Abstinent drug users, DAT shown with radiolabelled cocaine, reduced in drug users and PD
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What drugs have been used to the use of ?
Synthetic cathinone derivative mephedrone
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What does Mephedrone do?
Exhibit most of the neurochemical and behavioural profile of other amphetamine stimulatants. It may also have the potential for neurotoxicity although more research needs to be performed to confirm this idea
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When was MDMA developed?
In 1914, in 1970s used therapeutically, termed entactogen indirect serotonin agonist, 5HT neurotoxin
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What did Hatzdimititriou et al (1999) do?
Squirrel monkeys treated with MDMA, fibres stained to show white, MDMA twice daily for 4 days, killed 2 weeks or 7 years later
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What happens to associative learning under amphetamines?
It is increased
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Amphetamines increase CS salience in variety of procedures:
What treatments are there for amphetamine addiction?
Da antagonists, avoid triggers for relapse, counterconditioning even better, counselling and support, CBt and cue exposure
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What about psychostimulants and ADHD?
Kuczenski and Seagl found that adolescent rats were studied in active phase of cycle. They were given Ritalin. At these low doses, some paradoxical reduction in activity
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the severe effects?
Back
Irritability, hostility, anxiety and fear, exhaustion, total insomnia, compulsive motor stereotypes
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