Across the lifespan/Musculoskeletal system

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  • Created by: evepoag
  • Created on: 12-10-22 13:28
Name the 2 types of skeleton
1. Axial
2. Appendicular
1 of 60
What are the 3 types of joints?
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
2 of 60
What is hemopoiesis?
the production of blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow
3 of 60
What are triglycerides important for and where are they stored?
They are important for ENERGY
and they are stored in the adipocytes of the yellow bone marrow
4 of 60
What is another name for cortical bone?
Compact bone
5 of 60
What is another name for cancellous bone?
Spongy bone
6 of 60
In bone composition, what are organic and inorganic bones made up of?
Organic bone = collagen

Inorganic bone = calcium phosphate
7 of 60
Bones are anisotropic.
What does this mean?
Ansiotropic is when the bone's physical properties are different in measurement, and respond differently to external stimuli
8 of 60
What are the 4 types of cells in the bone tissue?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic/stem cells
9 of 60
When are the 4 stages of bone formation?
1. initial in embryo/foetus
2. bone growth during childhood
3. bone remodelling
4. fracture repair
10 of 60
What 3 pathways control the formation of bone?
Growth hormone for bone growth

PTH/Calcitonin for blood calcium homeostasis

Androgens (sex hormones) for testosterone and oestrogen
11 of 60
Describe simply what is meant by bone remodelling and when does it occur?
It is when old bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone by osteoblasts

It happens in fracture repair and when repairing everyday micro-cracks
12 of 60
What is contained within the bone marrow?
Blood-making cells which produce:
- Lymphocytes
- RBCs
- Platelets
- myeloblasts (immature white blood cells, eg: neutrophils)
13 of 60
How are osteoblasts created?
They are created by the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
14 of 60
How are osteoclasts created?
They are created when the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) produce monocytes which bind to RANKL
15 of 60
What cell produces RANKL?
Osteoblasts

! when it senses a fracture or crack !
16 of 60
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down old bone tissue (bone resorption).

When activated, they phagocytose the osteoclasts within the bone matrix and form shallow dips in the bone
17 of 60
What do osteoblasts do?
They create bone tissue by entering the bone, turning into osteocytes and they start the bone mineralisation process to fill in the gaps
18 of 60
To keep bone resorption under control, what does the osteoblast produce and what happens?
The osteoblast will produce Osteoprotegerin which binds with the RANKL which slows down the activation of osteoclasts
19 of 60
Simply, what does RANKL do?
Initiates the resorption process
20 of 60
In bone resorption, what happens to the blood calcium levels?
Blood calcium levels increase
21 of 60
In bone reformation and mineralisation, what happens to the blood calcium levels?
Blood calcium levels decrease
22 of 60
When there is a drop in blood calcium levels, what hormone is released and what does it do?
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released

It stimulates the osteoblasts to release RANKL which triggers increased bone resorption, which increases your blood calcium
23 of 60
When there is an increase in blood calcium levels, what hormone is released and what does it do?
Calcitonin is released

It inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
24 of 60
What does Vitamin D do in relation to blood calcium?
Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium, which causes calcitonin levels to increase

This inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
25 of 60
What movement does fibrous joints have?
No movement
26 of 60
What movement does cartilaginous joints have?
Limited movement
27 of 60
What is fibrocartilage?
The mix of fibrous and cartilaginous tissue
28 of 60
What movement does synovial joints have?
Range of movement
29 of 60
What is important in synovial joints?
They are filled with fluid for lubrication
30 of 60
What is a ligament?
Attaches bone to bone
31 of 60
What is a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone
32 of 60
What is skeletal dysplasia?
In children, it is a genetic disorder that causes cells to not develop and function normally

It hinders growth and development
eg: dwarfism
33 of 60
What is osteogenesis imperfecta or "brittle bone disease"?
A genetic disorder when there gene defects which affect collagen, and allow fractures to occur with very low impact
34 of 60
What is developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?
A genetic disorder when the hip socket is shallow which causes hip dislocations
35 of 60
What are the 4 types of cancers in the musculoskeletal system?
1. bone-forming tumours
2. cartilage-forming tumours
3. Ewing's sarcoma - bone or soft tissue tumour
4. giant cell tumour (benign)
36 of 60
What are the 2 treatments for musculoskeletal cancers?
Resection with limb salvage
and
Amputation
37 of 60
Describe the 5 steps of fracture repair (split into 2 cards)
1. Haematoma formed - at fracture site

2. Inflammation

3. Fibrocartilage callus formed - MSC creates osteoblasts and chondrogenesis begins
38 of 60
Describe the 5 steps of fracture repair
(pt.2)
4. Bony callus formed - RANKL is produced, promotes resorption of the cartilaginous callus, and it begins to calcify

5. Remodelling - a long process where the bony callus undergoes repeat remodelling until replaced by compact bone
39 of 60
What are the 3 phases of fracture healing?
1. Inflammation phase

2. Reparative phase

3. Remodelling phase
40 of 60
What influences healing?
Age, medications, diet, injury
41 of 60
Name 2 musculoskeletal autoimmune diseases, and what do they both do?
1. Rheumatoid arthirtis

2. Ankylosing spondylitis

Antibodies in both attack cartilage of joints, leading to chronic inflammation and loss of function
42 of 60
What are the consequences of osteoarthritis?
Increased risk of fracturing hip, wrist and spine
43 of 60
In osteoporosis, the sequence of resorption and bone formation is deeper. What can this sometimes cause?
Perforation

Micro-calluses
44 of 60
What are the 2 types of primary osteoporosis?
Type 1: post-menopausal women
Type 2: age-related for both men and women
45 of 60
What is the difference between primary and secondary osteoporosis?
Primary occurs as a result of the natural ageing process

Secondary occurs from underlying medical conditions or the use of medications
46 of 60
What 4 factors affect the musculoskeletal system?
Give an example for each
1. Environment, ie: chronic stress

2. Drugs, ie: steroids

3. Malnutrition, ie: lack of calcium and phosphate

4. Underlying conditions, ie: anorexia
47 of 60
What is 'Rickets' disease?
It is caused by a Vitamin D, calcium or phosphate deficiency in childhood

This can be due to many reasons, such as a lack of sunlight
48 of 60
What is the effect of a lack of, or defect in, type 1 collagen on bones?
It weakens them so they break more easily
49 of 60
Name a musculoskeletal condition caused by a defect in type 1 collagen?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
50 of 60
What is the mineral phase of bone?
Osteoblasts aid in the production of calcium phosphate to help make new bone
51 of 60
What is the effect of a lack of the mineral phase on bones?
Bones will weaken and they will break more easily
52 of 60
Name a condition that is caused by a lack of bone mineral
Osteoporosis
53 of 60
What is osteoid?
Unmineralised, organic bone tissue
54 of 60
What is woven bone?
Immature bone where collagen are arranged irregularly to form interlacing networks
55 of 60
What is cortical bone?
The compact, protective outer layer of bone
56 of 60
What is cancellous bone?
Also called trabecular or spongy bone

It is light, porous bone with a honeycomb appearance
57 of 60
What is a pathological fracture?
A fractured bone caused by a disease, usually causing weakened bone
58 of 60
What is a common cause of pathological fracture?
Tumours
59 of 60
Name a few intrinsic and extrinsic factors of osteoporosis?
Intrinsic:
- advanced age
- female
- family history

Extrinsic:
- smoking
- inadequate calcium intake
60 of 60

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 3 types of joints?

Back

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Card 3

Front

What is hemopoiesis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are triglycerides important for and where are they stored?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is another name for cortical bone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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