Revising signs and symptoms

?
  • Created by: evepoag
  • Created on: 12-10-22 16:05
What is a sign?
An indication of a disorder that is detected when examining a patient, but they are not aware of it
1 of 36
What is a symptom?
An indication of a disorder detected by the patient themselves
2 of 36
What are the main 3 functions of the respiratory system?
1. Gas exchange
2. Breathing
3. Protection
3 of 36
What sensors in the cells monitor if the respiratory system is functioning normally?
Mechanoreceptors
4 of 36
What part of the brain is in charge of controlling respiration?
The brain stem
5 of 36
What sensors detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels?
Chemoreceptors
6 of 36
When there is an input from receptors to the cardiovascular centre in the brain, what does each of the 3 nerves output?
Parasympathetic nerves: decrease heart rate

Cardiac sympathetic nerves: increase heart rate and contractibility

Vasomotor sympathetic nerves: cause blood vessels to vasoconstrictor
7 of 36
What is a proprioreceptor?
The sensor that monitors joint movement
8 of 36
What is a baroreceptor?
The sensor that monitors blood pressure
9 of 36
What body reaction is the parasympathetic nervous system in charge of?
Rest and digest
10 of 36
What body reaction is the sympathetic nervous system in charge of?
Fight or flight
11 of 36
What is the equation for blood pressure?
Cardiac output x Systemic vascular resistance
12 of 36
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke Volume
13 of 36
What is systemic vascular resistance?
the resistance the arterial vessels offer to blood flow
14 of 36
if cardiac output drops, what happens to blood pressure?
blood pressure (systolic) will drop
15 of 36
Why does heart failure impair gas exchange?
there is an increase resistance of molecules to diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane
16 of 36
What 2 compensatory mechanisms triggered in heart failure, make their condition worse?
Adrenergic sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
17 of 36
Why do they make heart failure worse?
They maintain cardiac output through increased retention of salt and water, peripheral arterial vasoconstriction and inflammation
18 of 36
What organ activates the RAA system?
Kidneys
19 of 36
What is angiotensin and what does it do?
It is a hormone that causes blood vessels to become narrower, to help maintain blood pressure and fluid balance
20 of 36
What is aldosterone and what does it do?
It is a hormone that regulates salt and water in the body, therefore effecting blood pressure
21 of 36
Is glucose normally found in the urine?
No
22 of 36
How does high amounts of glucose in the plasma effect plasma concentration?
It increase plasma concentration which causes glucose excretion
23 of 36
What is glycosuria?
excretion of glucose in the urine
24 of 36
What do osmoreceptors and glucose monitoring do?
monitor the concentration of the plasma
25 of 36
When glucose enters the kidney, what does it normally do?
The glucose is reabsorbed and only water is excreted through the urine
26 of 36
When glucose enters the kidney, and the patient is diabetic, what does it do?
The renal threshold for glucose reabsorption is exceeded, so it can't be reabsorbed

Instead, it stays in the filtrate and is excreted with water in the urine
27 of 36
What is polyuria and how does it happen?
Urinating frequently and large amounts

Caused when quantity of glucose entering kidneys in the glomerular filtrate exceeds the threshold, and it enters the urine
28 of 36
Loss of glucose in the urine causes what?
Diuresis which causes overall dehydration
29 of 36
What is a good guide for the severity of hyperglycaemia?
frequency of nocturia
30 of 36
Why does electrolyte imbalances happen during polyuria?
The increased loss of water in polyuria causes loss of electrolytes

The body tries to rid itself of excess ketones. As a result, sodium and potassium is lost from the body
31 of 36
Why does metabolic acidosis happen?
the accumulation of ketones causes a drop in pH levels

this triggers acetone to be blown off, giving breath a sweet smell
32 of 36
Why does visual blurring happen?
variations in glucose cause the eye lens to take up or rebel water, causing blurred vision
33 of 36
What is polydipsia and why does it happen?
Polydipsia is excessive thirst

High blood glucose causes dehydration. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense dehydration, which stimulates a thirst response
34 of 36
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
1. heat
2. swelling
3. redness
4. pain
5. loss of function
35 of 36
What happens during inflammation?
1. increased blood flow to area
2. capillaries expand
3. leakage of plasma proteins allow fluid build-up
4. neutrophils migrate to area
36 of 36

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a symptom?

Back

An indication of a disorder detected by the patient themselves

Card 3

Front

What are the main 3 functions of the respiratory system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What sensors in the cells monitor if the respiratory system is functioning normally?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What part of the brain is in charge of controlling respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Nursing resources:

See all Nursing resources »See all Anatomy and Physiology resources »