Cardiovascular System

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Describe the blood
connective tissue, 3 cellular components- RBC, WBC, platelets, suspended in fluid matrix- plasma, opaque, viscous, red, metalic taste, salty, pH 7.35-7.45
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What are the proportions of blood& formed elements?
RBC-45%, Plasma 55%, other <1%, RBC WBC& platelets 2/3 not true cells, most survive short time& don't divide
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Explain Erythrocytes
contain Hb, no nucleus or organelles, lifespan 120days, Biconcave disc- 7um, Produced in Red Bone Marrow
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Explain Haemogolobin
Binds easily/reversibility with O2, Red Haem pigment Fe2+, Globin Product
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What are the types of WBC (Leucocyte)
Neutrophils 70%, Monocytes 2-8%, Basophils <1%, Lympocytes 20-30%, Eosinophils 4%
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Neutrophils are
1st to arrive at injury site, very active, short lived phagocyte, release more chemicals when dead
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Eosinophils
Nums increase in parasitic infections& allergic reactions e.g. hayfever
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Basophils can....
migrate-> damaged tissue, release chems @ site of injury (heparin, histamine), promoting inflammatory response, chem release attract more basophils& eosinophils
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Monocytes normally
circulate blood stream 24hrs after leaving bone marrow, enter tissues& become macrophages for aggressive phagocytosis
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Lymphocytes are....
small % in blood stream, same phagocytic, others secrete antibodies (diff type lymphocyte)
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Platelets or thrombocytes are
Cytoplasmic fragments- no nucleus/ DNA, last 10days in circulation, BV injury- platelet aggression-> platelet plug, release chems react with fibrinogen& clotting proteins-> blood clot
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Describe Plasma
straw coloured, sticky, contains plasma proteins, albumin most common, PP- albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, transferrin contribute to osmotic pressure, transport, antiboddies, buffers, blood clotting contribute to blood viscosity
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What are the functions of blood?
Transport-> O2, nutrients, CO2, urea, hormones, Regulation-> body temp, pH, circulatory fluid vol, Protection-> preventing blood loss& infection
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Arteries have...
Thick outer wall, small lumen, thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, high pressure, BF away from heart, have NO valves
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Veins have.....
Large lumen, fairly thin outer wall, thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres, Low pressure, BF towards heart, valves present
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Cardiac cycle is
Events occuring within 1 heart beat- contraction=systole (contaction of muscles myocardium), relax= diastole (period of time heart muscles relaxed), RA= venous blood from body via superior VC& inferior VC,LA= O2 blood via lungs via 4pulmonary veins
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Arterial systole
contraction of heart muscle of L&R atria, 70% blood passivly flows atria-> ventricles so A dont need to contract great amount as only need final 30%-> V, A contract, BP atrium rises forcing final 30%-> Ventricles
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what are the stages of Atrial Systole
SAnode sends electrical impulse->atria= depolarisation of atrial muscles, depolarisation causes atria muscles contract, causing V fill with more blood, electric signal causing contraction moves atria-> AVnode delaying signal= V contract all @once
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Ventricular Systole
L&R V contract& eject blood-> aorta& pulmonary artery, Aortic&pulmonary valves open to permit ejection-> aorta&PA, AV valves close so no blood enters V, blood continues to enter atria via VC& pulmonary veins
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What are the Stages of Ventricular systole?
prior systole, electircal signal pass from AV node down BofH-> P.F, fibres allow fast spread electrical signal to all parts of V, electrical signal depolarises V muscle, V contrat&bloods squeezed-> pulmonary artery away from RV& dorsal aorta from LV
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Diastole
Atria&V relaxed& myocardium recovering, bloods passivly flowing from LA&RA-> LV&RV respectivly, BF through AV valvues (bicuspid& tricuspid) seperate atria from ventricles
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Describe blood pressure control
BP= CO x TPR, any factors increase CO or TPR will increase BP, any factors decrease CO or TPR will decrease BP
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Cardiac output is....
total output-total vol of blood pulmped out of Ventricles in 1 minute, CO= HR X SV, SV= amount of blood ejected from LV each contraction
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Factors affecting Cardiac output
Low HR or SV= decreased CO= decreased BP, expectations- athletes train heart to eject larger SV so HR abnormally low, HR- age, fitness, hormones, autonomic innervation, SV- heart size, fitness, gender, contractility& duriation, EDV, afterload
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What happens during the cardiac conduction system?
Heart muscle contracts in coordination to ensure bloods efficently pumped around body. 1. SA node(pacemaker), 2. Atrial contraction, 3. Impulse conducted to AV node, 4. Impulse spreaf from AV node-> ventricular muscles (BofH, bundle branches, PF)
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The cardiac conduction system
electrical impulse cause rhythmic contraction of heart muscle to arise in SAnode, SAnode= intrinsic pacemaker of heart, impulses from SAnode-> arial muscles= atrial contraction, impulses conducted to AVnode conducted to V muscles via BofH, BB, PF
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What is an ECG?
Non-invasive tras-thoratic graphic, record electrical activity of heart, sinus rhythm-> normal heart rhythm where electircal stimuli initiated n SA node, conducted throughAV node, BofH, BB, PF
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Describe the different types of Waves
P wave-> depolarisation of atrial muscle- electric impulse from SAnode spreads across R&L= atria depolarisation, QRS complex- depolarisation of V muscle electrical impulse from AV node spreads L&R V by BB, PF, T Wave- V repolarisation before diastole
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Describe BF in the Heart
DeO2 blood enters RA via VC, O2 blood enters LA via pulmonary veins, A contracts& blood pushed-> ventricles, AV valves make sure BF is in R direction, V contracts forcing blood though pulmonary valve& along pulmonary arteries-> lungs
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Describe BF in heart continued.....
lungs blood becomes oxygenated& returns to heart, LV contract pushing blood-> LV, LV= thick wall when contrcts generates high pressure to force blood through aorta to head and body
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Heart structure
Arteries, Aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, L atrium, Bicuspid, L ventricle, Purkije fibres, septum, aorta, inferior Vena cava, right venticle, tricuspid, right atrium, AV node, superior node, pulmonary veins, superior vena cava
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What is the role of the cardio vascular system?
Carries O2& nutrients to all body cells, picks up CO"& waste products to expose of, 3 main components- heart, BV, blood
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Endocardium cell wall
epithelial& connective tissue with elastin& collagen fibres, composed of endothelium= simple squamous epithelium, endothelial cells-> thin layer lining interior of heart& body cells& determine heath of BV & play major role in CV disease
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Myocardium cell wall
thick cardiac muscle tissue forces blood out heart chambers, cardiac muscle- straited, nucleated branched cells, single function meshwork interconnected by branching, connections between cardiac muscle cells= intercalated discs= single organ function
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Pericardium cell wall
outer protective layer, serous membrane connective tissue covered in epithelium inc blood&lymph capillaries& nerve fibres, fluid filled sac surrounding heart& porximal ends of major vessels
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Function of Pericardium
keep heart in abdominal cavity, prevent heart expanding when filling with blood, PC fluid decrease & increase friction between PC membranes
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the proportions of blood& formed elements?

Back

RBC-45%, Plasma 55%, other <1%, RBC WBC& platelets 2/3 not true cells, most survive short time& don't divide

Card 3

Front

Explain Erythrocytes

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain Haemogolobin

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the types of WBC (Leucocyte)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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