They are molecules (usually proteins) that can generate immune response
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What are foreign antigens?
Antigens not normally found in the body. Each cell has a specific antigen on its surface to identify it
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How does the immune system identify foreign cells?
Uses antigens to detect foreign cells, abnormal cells and toxins
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What happens in phagocytosis?
Phagocyte recognises foreign antigens, engulfs pathogen and is now contained in a phagocytise vacuole which fuses with a lysosome. Lysozymes break down pathogen which presents antigens on its surface
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What happens in T-cell activation?
They have receptor proteins that bind to complementary antigens presented b y phagocytes. Helper T cells release chemical signals which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells
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What happens in B cell activation?
Covered with antibodies, form antigen - antibody complexes. Activated by helper T cells. Bind to different chape antigens
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What is clonal selection?
Antibody on B cell meets complementary antigen and binds to it, this activates B cells which divide in top plasma cells
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What happens in antibody production?
Plasma cells are identical to B cells (clones) secrete antibodies called monoclonal antibodies
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How many binding points do antibody have?
Two so can bind to two pathogens at the same time. Means pathogens clump together called agglutination
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What is an antibody?
A protein that binds antigens to form an antigen antibody complex
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how are t cells activated?
by foreign antigens presented by phagocytes
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what is the structure of antibodies?
They are proteins - made of chains of amino acid. specification depends on its variable regions > form the antigen binding sites. ache has unique tertiary structure. all have the same constant regions
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what is the cellular immune response?
the t cells and other immune system cells they interact with e.g phagocytes
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what is the humoral response?
b cells, clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies
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what is the primary immune response?
involves production of memory cells in response to an antigen,
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what is the secondary response?
if same antigen enters they'll activate, divide to make plasma cells that make right type of antibody for antigen
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what is the difference between active and passive immunity?
active is when ur immune system makes its own antibodies, passive is when you receive them from a different organism
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how do vaccines work?
they contain antigens that cause your body to produce memory cells against a pathogen
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what is herd immunity?
Herd immunity is the protection given to a population against an outbreak of a specific disease when a very high percentage of the population have been vaccinated against it.
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what is antigenic variation?
pathogens change their surface antigens. makes it difficult to produce vaccines. e.g HIV and flu
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what are monoclonal antibodies?
identical antibodies produced form a single group of plasma cells
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how can monoclonal antibodies be uses?
to treat illnesses e.g can make ones that bind to tumour makers in cancer with anti cancer drugs attached which accumulate to the cancer cells
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what is an ELISA test?
allows you too see id a patient has any antibodies to a specific antibody or antigen to a antibody. for allergies or pathogenic infections. antibody with enzyme attached is used. can change colour
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what are some ethical issues of monoclonal antibodies?
animals are used ton produce the cells
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how does HIV cause the symptoms of aids?
by reducing the number of helper t cells in the body
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what is the structure of HIV?
spherical, core contains genetic material (RNA) and proteins including reverse transcriptase. has a capsid and envelope, has attachment proteins help attach to host cell
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why are antibodies ineffective against viruses?
because viruses use host enzymes and ribosomes (can't be targeted by antibiotics)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are foreign antigens?
Back
Antigens not normally found in the body. Each cell has a specific antigen on its surface to identify it
Card 3
Front
How does the immune system identify foreign cells?
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