12.1 Animal and plant pathogens
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What causes communicable diseases?
Infective organisms called pathogens.
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Give four examples of pathogens.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protoctista.
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Can communicable diseases be passed from one organism to another?
Yes.
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Can communicable diseases spread between species?
Yes.
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What is a vector?
Something that carries pathogens from one organism to another.
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Give two examples of vectors.
Water, insects.
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Why are bacteria unusual as pathogens?
They are prokaryotes, but infect eukaryotes which have very different cell structures.
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What is a key feature of bacteria's cell structure?
They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
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In which two ways can bacteria be classified?
By shape and by cell wall.
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State the nine different basic shapes of bacteria.
Bacillus, streptobacilli, coccus, pair of cocci, streptococci, staphylococci, vibrio, spirillum, spriochaete.
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What are the two shapes of rod bacteria?
Bacillus, streptobacilli.
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What are the four types of spherical bacteria?
Coccus, pair of cocci, streptococci, staphylococcus.
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What shape is a vibrio bacterium?
Comma shaped.
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Which bacterium is comma shaped?
Vibrio.
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What shape is a spirillum bacterium?
Spiral shaped.
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Which bacterium is spiral shaped?
Spirillum.
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What shape is a spirochaete bacterium?
Corkscrew shaped.
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What shape is bacillus bacteria?
Rod shaped.
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What shape is a streptobacilli bacterium?
Chain of rods.
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What shape is a coccus bacterium?
Spherical.
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What shape is a pair of cocci?
Spherical.
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What shape is streptococci bacteria?
A chain of spherical bacteria.
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What shape is staphylocci bacteria?
Cluster of spherical bacteria.
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What colour are gram positive bacteria under a light microscope?
Purple-blue.
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Give an example of a gram positive bacterium.
Methicillin-resistent staphylococcus aureus.
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Why do bacteria sometimes react differently in gram staining?
Their cell walls have different structures.
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What colour do gram negative bacteria appear under a light microscope?
Red.
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Give an example of a gram negative bacteria?
Escherichia coli.
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Why is gram staining useful?
It distinguishes between cell wall type. The type of cell wall affects the way the bacteria reacts to antibiotics.
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What is an antibiotic?
A compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.
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What is a virus?
A non-living infectious agent.
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What is the basic structure of a virus?
Genetic material surrounded by protein.
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What type of genetic material do viruses contain?
DNA or RNA.
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Give three examples of viruses.
Human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco mosaic virus, herpes simplex virus.
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What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that attacks bacteria.
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What is the action of bacteriophages?
They take over bacterial cells and use them to replicate, destroying the bacteria at the same time.
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What do viruses do?
They invade living cells, where their genetic material takes over the biochemistry of the host cell to make more viruses.
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Give two ways in which bacteriophages are utilised by humans.
To identify and treat some diseases, and in scientific research.
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Which type of pathogen are considered the ultimate parasite by some medical scientists?
Viruses.
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What is the alternative name for protoctista?
Protista.
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What is the alternative name for protista?
Protoctista.
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Are protista eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic.
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Describe what causes protoctista to be classified as parasitic.
They use people or animals as their host organisms.
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What are the two ways in which protoctista infect other organisms?
Directly using polluted water, or through using a vector.
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Give two examples of diseases which are caused by protoctista using vectors.
Malaria, sleeping sickness.
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Give two examples of diseases caused by protists in polluted water.
Giardia, amoebic dysentery.
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Do fungal diseases cause more of a problem in plants or animals?
Plants.
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Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes.
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Are fungi multicellular or single-celled?
Most are multicellular, but some are single-celled.
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Give an example of a single-celled fungus.
The fungus that causes thrush in humans, Candidiasis.
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How do fungi feed?
They digest food extracellularly, and absorb the nutrients.
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Can fungi photosynthesise?
No.
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Describe what saprophytic fungi feed on.
Dead and decaying matter (detritus)
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Describe what parasitic fungi feed on.
Living plants and animals.
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Which type of fungi cause communicable disease, saprophytic or parasitic?
Parasitic.
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Describe how fungal infections affect and kill plants.
Fungal infections affect plant leaves which disrupts photosynthesis, quickly killing the plant as it has no food source for respiration to occur.
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How do fungi reproduce?
By producing millions of tiny spores which travel large distances
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Why can fungi pose a large problem to crop plants?
They produce millions of spores during reproduction which can travel through crop plants quickly and rapidly, destroying a crop.
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How can fungal diseases affect farmers?
When fungi reproduce, millions of spores are produced which can travel quickly over large distances. This can destroy entire crops, which in turn destroys a farmer's income and livelihood, possibly causing hardship or bankruptcy.
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How can fungi cause problems globally?
They can destroy crops quickly, over large distances which can cause hardship or even starvation, especially in developing countries. It also can destroy the livelihoods of farmers.
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What are the two methods of pathogen action?
Damaging host tissues, producing toxins that damage host tissues.
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Summarise what causes symptoms of disease.
Damage from a pathogen combined with the body's response.
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State how viruses directly damage host tissues.
They take over the cell metabolism, which results in cells being destroyed.
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Explain how viruses directly damage host tissues.
Take over the cell metabolism, viral genetic information gets into host cell and is then inserted into host DNA. Host cell is used to produce copies of the virus which burst out of the cell, destroying it and spreading viruses to infect other cells.
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State how protista directly damage host tissues.
Some protista take over cells and break them open as a new generation emerges- they digest and use the contents of the cell as they reproduce.
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Give an example of a protist that directly damages host tissues.
Protist causing malaria, plasmodeum.
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How do fungi directly damage host tissues?
They digest and destroy living cells.
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How do bacteria damage host tissues through producing toxins?
The toxins produced by bacteria poison or damage host cells, causing disease.
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Describe three ways in which bacterial toxins cause disease.
By breaking down cell membranes, damaging or inactivating enzymes or by interfering with host genetic material so that host cells cannot divide.
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Which types of pathogen cause disease by producing toxins that damage host tissues?
Bacteria, viruses.
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Which types of pathogen cause disease to host tissues directly?
Viruses, protists, fungi.
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What function causes bacteria to produce toxins?
They are by-products of normal functions.
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Do fungi produce toxins that can damage host tissues?
Yes.
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How does bacterial toxins interfering with enzymic activity cause harm?
Enzymes are vital for many necessary processes such as respiration, growth, photosynthesis.
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How does bacterial toxins breaking down cell membranes cause harm?
It disrupts ion channels which are necessary for vital functions such as respiration, and disrupts organelles like the nucleus and Golgi apparatus which are involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give four examples of pathogens.
Back
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protoctista.
Card 3
Front
Can communicable diseases be passed from one organism to another?
Back
Card 4
Front
Can communicable diseases spread between species?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is a vector?
Back
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