USSR Economy Stalin + Lenin

Introduced for idealogical reasons - Response to the economic collapse - A reaction to early failed bolshevik schemes - Giving the workers too much power - Civil war

Nationalism of all industry - All industry controlled through the state - supreme court of national economy/ Vensuka- Hierarchical structures in industry - Military style disciple introduced into factories - Death penalty for any workers who striked- Unemployed forced to join jabor armies which worked on road building - All workers expected to volunteer for unpaid work on Communist Saturdays All private trade banned - Money was replaced by barterering - Workers recieved wages in goods rather than money  Forcible requisition of food - feed the army - Rationing introduced - Ensured that workers in cities were fed - Committees of the Village POOr spied on peasants that might be hoarding food- Violent outbreaks against Requisitoning teams Food shortages

Ensured red army got the resources it needed - Won the Civil War

Disease and starvation were common - Industrial production was 1/5th was what it was in 1913 - Unpopular - Heavy Industy fallen 20% since 1913 - Food Production fallen to less than half of it's 1913 figure - 20 million died of famine and disease

Transition from tsarist economy to communism  command economy

Land decree of October 1917 - viewed the decree as giving pesanstry control over the land they farmed - Decree on Workers' Control - placed control of the factoreis into the hands of industrial workers-  Nationalisation of all private banks turned into the People's bank of the Russian Rublic

Supreme Council of the national Economy (Venenkha) was set up - Those with technical experise were removed by the workers- Managers often violently gotten rid of - workers seeking revenge for how they had been treated - leaving factories and farms ineffiecient- Role of central government increased during the civil war - seen as too idealistic

'The capitalist relationship is not abolished, rather it is pushed to the limit' - Engles

'Bread, Land and Peace'

1921-28

Reasons for its introduction- Industry was at a standstill (production of heavy industry falled 20% since 1913) 20 million died in famine - unpopularity of war communism (social classificationf or rations) - Tambov Rising (peasnts rebelling - deserters of the red army joined - killed 1,000 members of the communist party) - Kronstadt Mutiny (previously loyal sailors who were instrumental in the revolution turned on them, 1,000 died, 2,000 executed)

End to requistioning - Peasants sell any remaining food at market for profit - No forced collectivisation - Small scale industry privatised- Bonuses were used to try and raise production - reintroduction of currency- legal private trading - stop black market trade - 50-60% of all foods gotten through the black market - development of NEPmen

'one step backwards, two steps forward' - Lenin

Caused the scissors crisis- industrial production was 45% of its 1913 figure - increase state control - unpopular in party due to being capitalistic

We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced contries. We must make good this distance in 10 years.' - Stalin - Socialism in one country

1928-32 - Rapid industrialisation - large scale nationalision - fear of foreign invasion - aimed to use most advanced technology - make ussr self-sufficient - emphais on heavy industry - under direction of Gosplan - Party offials were used at factory level

Superindustrialisers (used the idea of Evgeny Preobazhensky) - Agricultural surpluses should be siezed by the state to invest in Industry - Consumer goods were neglected - Large Industrial Centers such as Magnitogosk and Gorki were bealt - 250,00 people in Magnitogosk in 1932- 17% of the workforce was skilled - Relied on shock brigades made of the best workers to set an examble - Alexei Stakhanov - Slave labour from Gulags (Nicknamed the meat bringer) - White Sea Canal Project 180,000 Prisoners (10,000 died in making it) - Unrealistic quotas - somethimes included ambushing resources destined for other factories to try and stimulate factories - factory managers often bribed officals to lie - Corruption was rampent - Quality often sacrificed - Stalingrad tractor factory supposed to produce 500 tractors a month but only managed and most broke down in days

1933-41

Coal and chemical proudciton rose - 3rd plan focused on defence - developed both tradition industrial centres and developed new ones - rapid growth in engineering and transportation - enormous growth but did not meat targets. 17% growth rate between 1928-41 - progress unbalanced - four fold increase in steel and six foul in coal -  Dnieper dam project -

Consumer goods were made worse by collectivisation as it destoyed other idustries in rural areas - housing industry and textiles were ignored and got worse - footware production and food procession made significant increases - living standards improved but did not solve the problem - Health of workers and natural enviroment were serverly damaged

Choatic implementation and planning - planners based in moscow had little understanding of local conditions - resources often wasted because they weren't useful - many managers and experts killed during the purges in 1937 caused slow down of the economy.

NEP left agricultural unchanged - run on an individual basis by peasant housegolds under the supervision of the mir which was a body made up of village elders - Industry required new technology to be imported - need to export food surplus - Labour needed in industry achieved short term by mechanisation of agricultural- Small peasant plots were very inefficient - collective farms 0 hedgerows and boundaries removed to make machinery more cost effective - enable food prodcution to be reduced and reduce labour requirements - more workers in industry- Support for the part had declined - bolsheviks had promised land in the land decree - provided opportunity to get rid of kulaks- Ural-Siberian Method - Increased mechanisation through Machine and Tractor stations - covernment run centres that supplied farm machinery - provided advice on farming techaniques - collective could seize animals, grain supplies and buildings in the village as property of the collective -

WW2 massive strain on economy - between 1943045 over 730,000 tanks and 94,000 aircrafts were built - excess of tinned meat imported from britian under lend-lease scheme - large amounts of military hardware, no production of consumer goods - steel production had fallen by 6 million tonnes between 1940-45 -  most ablebodied men from farms were concripted - farm machinery and draft animals were requistioned by the red army - grain outpud fell 95 million tonnes in 1940 to 30 million tonnes in 1942 - number of cattles halved - allowed private plots to provide an incetive for peasants - 25 million were gomeless, 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages were destroyed - factories converted into wartime good converted back - USSR could now exploit its control over eastern europe - Agriculture - link - small groups of peasants were allowed responsibiltiy over areas of the farms - sell remainder for profit

4th Five year Plan 46-50 - aimed to restore economy to pre war levels - industrial production recovered quickly 0 2 million slaves in gulags - strong central planning - redirect wartime labour for reconstruction - ducus on heavy industy - consumer industries neglated - failure to adopt new technology such as develops in plastics and chemicals -

5th Five year plan 50-55 - cold war resulted in an increase in arms spending - big projects - volga-don canal - agriculture - remained low after the war - lack of men to work the farms - women had to plough the fields - drought in 1946 - productivy was low - 100,000 larger collectives created - unpopular

Lead to violent opposition in Ukraine - Many Kulaks set fire to their farms and slaughtered their animals - party officals murdered on sight -'Twenty-five thousanders' were sent from the cities to forcibly organise collectives - Secret Police rounded up kulaks and sent them to the gulags - violence got stalin to slow down collectivisation - 1932 - 62% was collectivisation - 1937 - 93% was collectivisied - grain production fell from 73.3 million ro 67.6 million (1928-34) - achieved goal of feeding the red army and towns - rural population starved - peasants moved into towns - introduce passports to keep peasants in rural areas - Holodomor (50 mill dead) - sheep flock wiped up - typhus epidemic reduced kazahk population by 40% - control had been secured over rural areas - mir had been erradicated and replaced by the kolkhoz - Members of the communist youth orgnisation were used to spy on the peasamts and ensure they did not steal food -

poor planning meant that the push to collectivise was not co-ordinated with the manifacture of tractors or other machinery - party officials in moscow gave orders to collective and took little account of the conditions of the ground - sent useless equipment