RIII

Buckingham

• changed sides, Oct 1483- rebelled
• Dad & Grandpa killed by Yorkists
• Kingmaker
• Put himself on the throne
• Remove RIII & then HVII
• power hungry- married daughter to RIII's son
• RIII denied son Prince of Wales & control Bohun lands
• weak claim
• Blacken RIII's name & overthrow him

Hen Tudor

• great grandson EIII- weak claim
• remove rival claimants make claim stronger- imprisoned Warwick
• grandma had affair= illigitemate
• anti-yorkist propoganda
• paranoid if alive= usurpation
• claim stronger if dead
• RIII dead- Acts of Attainder 'shedding of infants blood'

RIII

• prime suspect
• failed to show them alive when rumours
• strong motive- prevent usurpation
• Thomas More- order given by RIII to kill them
• Ordered Sir James Tyrell (amibitious) 2 men carry out murder- pillows
• next in line of succession 
• instruct sent Southampton, Windsor & York repress and punish rumour spreaders

• EIV= dead 2 sons (minors)
• 2 wills= confusion- 1= Eliz Wood 1/8 rule on regency counsel. 2 RIII= protector remove ELIZ (1475)
• competing factions- Woodville + Gloucester- threatened political exclusion & ruin
• Woods= advantage EV with Earl Rivers- guard, armed retinue & troops
• R= less, Middleham Castle Yorkshire- Buck & Hastings both enemey W's
• Counsel met, 'suspicion & fear'
• Dominic Mancini (ital clerk) note 1 side R=protector, 1 side Counsel with RIII in
• Disputed size of escort to LDN

Childhood

• dominated by civil war
• 1461- EIV made R Gloucester
• Warwick rewarded, tutor RIII. Learnt estate management, politics war, met Anne Nevill, Lovell
• Warwick rebel, alliance with Lanc 1470 EIV lost crown til 1471
• RIII knew W's fight methods defeat him
• RIII  1st military command- Battle of Barnet Tewkesbury

• EIV marry 1464- secretly
• didn't tell Hastings/Warwick- problems
• EIV arrange marriage Bona of Savoy (france)
• Woodvilles= social climbers, resented (R, Buck, Hast)
• EV brought up by Woods- more Woodville than York?
• 1483, W's knew unpopular

• W's left Ludlow 24th April (no hurry)
• Rivers met RIII- move south enter LDN together
• 30th April STONY STRATFORD, Buck join
• Buck & R remain, talk next move. FIRST ACTION AGAINST W's
• 31st April Rivers arrested, imprisoned R castle North
• Rivers executed Pontefract castle
• Eliz- sanctuary with R& EV
• 4th Mary, Counsel confirm R as protector
• Coronation- 22nd June
• Parliament- 25th June

• power in west & welsh marshes
• right raise troops 5 counties
• titles- Chief Justice, Chamberlain, North and South Wales
• Hastings and council member distrust this- EIV warned Buck threat, exclude serious roles

1. Personal gain & greed- disappointed rewards from R, wanted control Bohun Lands & son Prince of Wales (made own son it instead) ANGERED

2. Kingmaker- helped R become king now help HVII. Stony Stratford @ inn 30th April, first plot against W's. Rivs arrested 31st. HELP HVII- influenced by John Morton (spoke HVII)

3. Princes in Tower- genuine crisis in own conscience CROWLAND CHRONICKER, about deaths. Join HVII

• series revolts yorkist households, John Morton linked B to Marg Beaufort H's Mum)
• start south-east 11th October, Kent- Sussex- Surrey. Duke of Norfolk contain rebels, control bridge over River Thams, Gravesend 
• rebel armies- Cornwall & Devon lead Thomas Grey
• RIII contained rebels south-east, army march Wiltshire rebels scatter
• Tudor await Plymouth, B execute return Brittany
• Buck plan uprise from power base South Wales, depart Castle in Brecon- march Forest of Dean (hope join Cornwall & Devon). RIVER SEVERN FLOODED, STAFFORD destroyed bridgesBuck fled Flanders, exectued early November

• Tudor= credible rival- Yorkist replacement of princes
• Christmas day 1483- promise marry Elizabeth of York when crowned king
• Buck= kingmaker

• B= unpopular Wales, no north support (loyal R- Duke Gloucester)
• River Severn flooded, Stafford destroy bridges
• support dwindled
• B= EXCEUTED EARLY NOVEMBER

• B= kingmaker
• use against R
• loyal noble- defected
• ringleader- influenced others
• had close relations known rebels
• Hen= credible rival

• Mum= Margarent Beaufort- married Lord Stanley= powerful, influence opinions, family connections Courtaneys (LANC)= support from Ed Courtaney
• HVII forced flee brittany, King's court Charles VIII- 60,000 francs & 1,800 french mercenaries Phillibert de Chandee
• lawyer- Morgan Kidwelly told H Rhys Ap Thomas & Sir John Savage back him
• Public promise marry Eliz York (xmas 1483), won support disaffected royal servants in uk, unite houses
• Daubeney, Willoughby join H in exile Britt
• 1484-5 cross channel gain H support
• uprisings= frequent

• 1 parliament delayed Jan 1484 (B rebel)
• Titulus Regius- proclaim princes illigitemacy, king custom revenues, Acts of Attaingder (97), 21 private acts, inheritance claims
• 1. Enoffements- protect land purchase rights
• 2. Allows bail suspects of felony- prevent forfeit goods, maintain famrs etc
• solve problems Courts of Justice- reinforced 1478- penalties against misbehavour officials, protect defendants
• made benovelances illegal- popular approval
• condemn use of secret fines, protect rights of purchasers of land
• prevent commerical dishonesty- cloth trade

Historians- Bacon= good/positive laws

1. Title to throne publically declared

2. Parliamentry authority: attaint rebels, legalise arbitrary procedures, rebel lands

3. Reform legislation- publicise beneficient intentions as king- permit private acts

• threat Hen, great Grandson EIII- Dughbeney & Willoughby join court in exile. 1484-5 cross channel raise support for H, Mum= Marg Beaufort marry Stan- powerful
• Prince sin Tower conspiracy, rumours and murder, villainous- instructed Southhampton, Windsor & York punish and repress rumour spreaders
• Death of young son and only heir, Ed Middleham died 1484 (10). No secure succession, no secure dynasty

• Genuine interest in UK security. E&R= minors. RII usurp by cousin Hen Bolingbroke 1377, protect Yorkist claim and secure realm
• 2 competing factions, 2 wills confusion. E=more Woodville threatnened. Woodvilles come to assert, aroogant and scheming. RIII resented Woodvilles
• Background & personality- villainous, greedy, personal gain. Ch8ild dominated by civial way, taught by Warwick rebelled 1470

• HVII- Mill Bay- 11 knighted
• Rhys Ap Thomas- 2,00 men
• Shrewsbury- Balaifs refuse open fates. Will Stan encouraged
• Rich Corbert- 800 men
• Newport, Talbot- 500 men
• 22nd August 1485
• R= 10,00 top Ambien Hill. Archers= Duke Norfolk, R=rear troops, Northumberland= reverse
• Tudor= 5,000. Vanguard= Oxford, 1,800 French mercenaries Phillibert de Chandee
• R charge down hill, kill Tudor's standard bearer, Cheney= off horse
• Phillibert= complex manouvere protect HVII
• Stanley defects with reinue, R= dead

• tactics- RIII charge down hill, isolated himself from his army. Lost advantage
• Nobles defected- Will Stan with retinue against, helped Hen
• 1,800 German Mercenaries- complex manouvere copied Swiss, protect Hen
• RIII alienated nobles