Interwar Years and Cold War

-> France wanted Germany to be totally destroyed.
-> Britain wanted to be punished, but not completely destroyed because the Prime Minister (David Lloyd George) wanted to keep the British navy the best in the world.
-> USA did not want Germany to be destroyed, it wanted to make sure no war broke out again.

-> War guilt: Germany was blamed for starting the war.
-> Reparations: Germany was to pay the Allies £6.6 billion for damage caused during the war.
-> European borders: large areas of Germany were given to France and its other neighbours. Germany was never allowed to ally with Austria again. Rhineland was demilitarised.
-> Colonies: Germany's African colonies were given to Britain and France.
-> Armed forces:
     -> army restricted to 100,000 soldiers.
     -> conscription was banned.
     ->No tanks, submarines or planes.
     -> Only 6 battleships.
-> League of Nations: set up to promote world peace. Germany was not invited not to join until it had shown that it was a peaceful nation.

-> The Kapp Putsch: an attempted revolution to remove Ebert (the German leader) who had agreed to the Treaty.
-> The Ruhr: an industrial area in Western Germany that was raided by French and Belgian troops (they took raw goods and materials) because Germany fell behind on its reparation payments in 1922.
-> Hyperinflation: the German government decided to print extra banknotes, which caused hyperinflation.

-> The League of Nations was a group of nations (Britain, France, Italy, Germany (1926 - 1933) and Japan) who together tried to promote world peace and stop any more wars from breaking out.
-> Main powers were:
    -> sitting down and discussing.
    -> economic sanctions.
    -> physical sanctions.

• Abyssinia
• Afghanistan
• Albania
• Argentina
• Australia
• Austria
• Belgium
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Canada
• Chile
• China
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba
• Czechoslovakia

• Denmark
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• Egypt
• El Salvador
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Guatemala
• Haiti
• Honduras
• Hungary
• India
• Italy
• Ireland
• Iraq

• Japan
• Latvia
• Liberia
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Mexico
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Nicaragua
• Norway
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Persia (Iran)
• Peru
• Poland
• Portugal

• Romania
• Siam (Thailand)
• Soviet Union (Russia)
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Turkey
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
• Yugoslavia

-> They agreed on how to solve some disputes.

-> They didn't solve every dispute that was brought forward.
-> They didn't agree on many international agreements.

• 1 summary sentence to answer the question.
• 3 - 4 events in chronological order.
• spend 5 minutes on it.
• Use time connectives to help you.

• 2 PEEL/PEAL/PEAAL paragraphs with 2 pieces of explained evidence in each paragraph.
• balanced answer with two different points.
• spend 10-13 minutes on it.

-> America lost money due to paying Europe some loans.
-> This led to America recalling the money lent to the European countries otherwise America would've caused a Depression.
-> Effects of the money being lent back to America:
     -> decreased industries.
     -> increased unemployment.
     -> decreased trades.
     -> no profits.

Agressor = Japan
Victim = Manchuria, China

Japan invaded Manchuria and exploded a Japanese-owned railway as an excuse to invade.

The League responded by suggesting to Japan that they should leave immediately. However, Japan ignored the League and kept Manchuria in the end.

Aggressor: Italy
Victim: Abyssinia

Italy invaded Abyssinia.

The League didn't do much, but France allowed Italy to take over Abyssinia.

-> League almost powerless by 1936.
-> aggressive leaders, especially Hitler, had learnt that they could get away with anything.

-> Aggression
-> Depression
-> Failure to disarm

-> destroying communism.
     -> communism was believed to be a disease by Hitler.
     -> communists were persecuted by him.
     -> USSR and Germany were likely to clash due to the fact that the USSR was communist.

-> racial theory and Lebensraum.
     -> Germans were seen superior.
          -> Aryans
     -> Jews, slavs and non-german races seen as inferior.
     -> Germany was 'destined' to create an empire that would rule over inferior people and give         Germans the 'Lebensraum' or living space they need.

-> militarism
     -> Hitler said that war was regarded as a measure of the health and strength of a nation.
     -> still debated by historians whether Hitler intended to go to war or not.
     -> Hitler was preparing Germany for conflict not long after the Nazis came to power.

• boost his prestige by getting people to vote for joining Hitler Germany, fulfilling the racial theory and Lebensraum aim.
• started rearming in 1933 and getting thousands of unemployed workers to join the army, fulfilling the militarism aim.

• stopped paying reparations.
• rearming - bigger German army.
• remilitarised Rhineland.
• allied with Austria.
• reinvaded Sudetenland.

• Hitler had a persuasive point over the Treaty of Versailles, saying that some terms were harsh on Germany.
• America won't help due to the fact that the country isolated itself from Europe's problems.
• He wasn't really in the best position.
• France and Britain hadn't agreed on how to treat Germany.
• Chamberlain attempted to get Mussolini on his side, but it backfired.
• He was worried about Stalin and communism as Hitler hated communism.
• Nobody disarmed when Hitler wanted everyone to disarm.
• Chamberlain didn't think Hitlern was serious.
• Chamberlain was questioning whether Hitler was really that bad.

• In 1938, before the Munich Crisis, Britain only had 2 army divisions ready to fight in a war, compared to 80 in Germany. By Augusy 1939, Britain had 47 and  Germany had 130.
• Before Chamberlain officially became Prime Minister (1935-7), he started a major rearmament program to prepare Britain for war.
• Between 1938 and 1939, Britain more than doubled the number of aircraft that it had. This was significant because aircraft was aircraft was such an important weapon.
• In september 1938, after the Sudetenland, a poll showed that many Britons didn't trust Hitler.
• Benes was prepared to fight.
• Chamberlain was in regular contact with Daladier.

• In 1938, before the Munich Crisis, Britain only had 2 army divisions ready to fight in a war, compared to 80 in Germany. By Augusy 1939, Britain had 47 and  Germany had 130.
• The Sudetenland was an industrial region that helped Hitler to build more weapons.
• Each time Hitler took over a new country, he became  stronger.
• Appeasement scared the USSR into signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact because they were aware that Chamberlain hated communism.

• factories/businesses owned by the state (the whole country)
• produce is shared out equally

• factories/businesses owned by individuals.
• they decide how much to pay their workers and keep the rest.

• The USA wanted Germany back on its feet but the USSR wanted to crush Germany.
• The USA wanted to stop communism spreading but the USSR wanted to keep communism.

-> disagreed over Germany
     -> Russia wanted to cripple Germany and get revenge.
     -> USA and Britain wanted to strengthen Germany.

-> Russia wanted Germany to be communist.
     -> America didn't want Russia to get too strong.

-> Truman told Stalin that the US had an atomic bomb.

-> no longer have the common enemy of Germany and Hitler.

Soviet Expansion was where the USSR tried to expand communism into Eastern European countries.

The US were worried that communism was going to spread to other countries and then get to the US.

• USA was giving money to countries that were being threatened with communism.
• if a country was being taken over by communism, America would give money to people fighting.

• Truman thought that the only way to stop communism was that people who didn't have much money that, when given money, would keep it all to themselves.
• Truman gave $17 billion to European countries

• Stalin wanted to control all Eastern European countries.
• Chucked Marshall Tito and Yugoslavia out of Cominform because they didn't do what Stalin said.
• Banned all Cominform countries from accepting Marshall Aid.

• Stalin hoped Berlin would be an America-free zone.
• Concerned that America would do something wrong and affect Berlin as a whole.

• People couldn't get in or out of Berlin.
• If the blockade was destroyed, then there would be a war.

• People got more food.
• Supplies were given.