HVII
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- Created by: Emma
- Created on: 10-05-13 14:20
HVII- CONSOLIDATING CROWN
- declared reign 21st August 1484- traitors act of attainder
- public rewards- knighted 11
- sent Willoughby- Sheriff Huton secure marriage Eliz York and Warwick in tower. PAPAL DISPENSATION
- sent proclamation RIII= dead, H=rightful king grace of God. Shedding infants blood
- Coronation= 30th Oct Parlia= 7th Nov. Prove rightful king not made through parliament
- coronation= lavish, purp velvet
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HVII titles given out (start)
- John Morton= Chancellor of England
- Lord Dynham (yorkist)= Treasurer Exchequer
- Bishop Peter Courtaneny= Keeper Privy Seal
- William Stanley= Lord Chamberlain
- Jasper Tudor= duke of Bedford
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HVII First Parliament
- 7th November
- Declaration as king, grace of god
- attanders- RIII, reverse some
- Financial matters- tunnage & poundage, act of Resumption (crown lands)
- legislation- maintain public peace, enforce law and order
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Elizabeth of York
- 10th December marry Eliz- after coronation, political statement he is rightful king not through her
- united two warring houses
- legitimate heirs secure dynasty
- 8 kids- 4 reach adult
- coronation delayed until Arthur born and after Simnel
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REBELLIONS
- Lovell- 1486
- Yorkshire 1487
- Warbeck 1491-99
- Cornwall 1489
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Lovell 1486
- Lovell & Staff bros- Humphery & Thomas
- L= executed
- H= executed
- T= pardonded
OUTCOMES:
- rules of sanc altered- treason = NO
- Yorkists learn need Yorkist Prince
- HVII= weak internationally
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SIMNEL 1486/7
- pretend Yorkist prince
- Marg Burg sponsor 2,000 Germ mercs led by Shwarz & finance
- Lincoln & Lovell- army- Dublin
- Anglo-Irish recognise S as EV, coronated 24th May
- Lincoln= on HVII's counsel- defected
- Hen prepare becons in Norwich
- commissioned fleet
- rebels land Cumbria- remote, inaccessible, known allies
- rebels wrote letters allies- John Lord Scrope
- HVII summoned nobles & retinue COV/NOTTS
- relied Duke Bedford command battalion
- King reach Notts, regroup army 15,000, large # knights JAMES BLOUNT= tough, skillful archers
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SIMNEL 1486/7- BATTLE OF STOKE 1487
- threat- H did not know size army, route, power- unpredictable
- limitations- 8,000 failed win support
- Linc= top of ridgeGMS at front
- king= OX ARCHERS- steel tipped aroows, Irish casualties
- Shwarz not hold back, demoralised
- Linc= dead
- Simnel= alive, saved by Bellingham
- King return Newark, ordered GMS out country, hung rebels & irish
- spared english rebels- bongs and recs
- Nov parliament= 28 rebels attainted
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Yorkshire revellion 1489
- subsidy defend Britt, Earl Northumberland collect tax
- men in Northumberland & Yorkshire alreadt oaid through local taxes
- Rebels 1489 broke out
- Leader= John a Chambre
- Earl NT= isolated & murdered
- rebels ask for pardon- NO. NT represent king, attack royal authority
- re-establish royal authority sent army north, led Early Surrey
- Chambre= hung
OUTCOMES:
- need re-establish royal authority
- can't raise tax again
- foreign policy= defensive
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WARBECK TIMELINE
- 1491- Cork, Ireland
- 1492- fled France
- 1493- Burgundy
- 1494- HRE
- 1495- 1st invasion UK
- 1496- Scotland
- 1497- Ireland
- 1498- captured, tower try escape
- 1499- W & W executed
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Warbeck 1491- Cork, Ireland
- John Atawater confirm Richard Duke of York
- HVII sent small army
- W= insufficient support
- FLED FRANCE 1492
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WARBECK- 1492 FRANCE/ 1493 BURGUNDY
- Charles VIII @ war UK
- received & shelter W recognise as prince
- HVII TREATY ETAPLES
- W fled burgundy- Marg Burg trained him
- Trade Embargo 1493
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WARBECK- 1494 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
- Maximillian= betrayed by Etaples, UK & France peace
- recognised W
- lack sufficient military resources
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WARBECK- 1495
- 1st invasion UK
- Netherlands- Deal, Kent
- H= forewarned Sir Robert Clifford, sent small army deal with it
- Cliff implicate W Stanley- executed
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Warbeck Scotland 1496
- JIV shelter W & pension
- marry JIV cousin Lady Catherine Gordon
- 1496- Scto army invade UK
- FAIL rally support when in UK
- H purused W- 1497 IRELAND
- Negotiate JIV marry princess Marg
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Warbeck 1497
- Ireland Kildare= loyal HVII
- W- Cornwall Rebellion
- proved W= inadequate leader
- HVII sent Daubeney deal @ Exeter
- W- santuary, gave self up
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WARBECK'S CONCLUSION
- H= lenient
- War remain court with wife
- 1498- try escape, imprison tower London
- plot escape Earl Warwick
- 1499- executed treason
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CONRWALL 1497
raise tax in Cornwall war against Scot
- 'aggresively' collected, corruption
- parliament- 20+ shillings only, not applied to Cornwall
- led by Michael Flamanck (lawyer) & Michael Joseph (blacksmith)
- 6,000 ill armed peasant march peacefully LDN
- Warbeck hijacked
- lacked menace, fail enter Exeter, gained few supporters
- W- deserted
- Audley join rebels
- Rebels supressed Daubeney
- many rebels killed, leaders executed
OUTCOMES:
- king not raise tax
- defensive foreign policy
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FOREIGN POLICY- TREATIES
- France- Treaty of Etaples 1492
- Spain- Medina Del Campo 1489
- Brittany- Treaty of Redon 1489
- Burgundy- Embargo 1493, Magnus Intercursus 1496
- Scotland- Treaty of Ayton 1497
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FRANCE- FP
- Fran= dominant power Europe, absorb Brittany. Make CVIII richer, threaten UK trade & proximity
- H- owed Britt exile 14 yrs
- H= weak military & £'s
- MAX AND FRED= allies, Fred= war Moors, Max= Hungary war
- HVII- 1488 ACT ALONE
- 1489 Treaty of Redon- assist Britt, 3,000 troops paid Anne of Britt (CVIII marry Anne 1491)
- Hvii parliament- subsidy raise army 12,000 (Yorkshire 1489)
- launch campaign late fight season, fran want war against Italy, not waste money on UK war
- short seige Boulogne, end TREATY ETAPLES 1492
- ETAPLES= french pay £5,000 pa pension, CVIII not support imposters, HVII remove troops Brittany
- OUTCOMES-
- ETAPLES 1492- £ & security
- 2 degades Anglo-French relations= good
- H- secure international recognition
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BURGUNDY FP
- Burg= independent from France- anti-france
- UK & BURG= major wool exports, wollen cloth merchants went through burg merchants, prosperity rely good relations
- Marg Burg- RIII sis, opponent, unreliable, married MAX
- 1489 Max & H- Treaty of Dordecht, Max send troops Britt, H send 3,000 support. MAX BUSY HUNGARY, bail & peace CVIII
- 1493- Trade Embargo (supoport W)- banish burg merchants from UK, max counter-embarg 1494. 1495 W left
- Max want UK support France, both suffer embargo restrictions
- 1496- INTERCURSUS MAGNUS- english trade in Burg except Flander free, no custom duties, fair justice in courts
- Isobella Castile dead 1504, H back Phillip Burg, protect trade, gain Suffolk
- Phillip= shipwrecked UK, H=support. INTERCURSUS MALUS (bad), Windsor 1506
- Phillip & Joanna= Castile
- Aragon= Aragon
- Phillip= dead 1506, Joanna= mad FERD= CASTILE
- H got Suffolk
- H abandoned Malus, 1508- Fra, Spain & Burg= Treaty Cumbrai ISOLATE UK
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SPAIN FP
- Medina Del Campo 1489- mutual support/defence, no peace/alliances with France, not harbour rebels/pretenders, Princess Catherine of Aragon marry Prince Arthur
- Marriage agreed 1499, marry 1501
- Arthur died 1502, Cath & Hen VIII= betrothed, papal dispensation
LIMITATIONS:
- H back Phillip, Spain & France= treaty og Blois 1505, Ferd 1506 marry Louis XII niece
- Fer didn't help Britt (Moors)
- Warbeck threatened marriage C& A- political instability
- arguments about size/payment of dowry
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SCOTLAND- FP
- borderwarfare= difficult
- Franco-Scottish Alliance
- JIV= minor, Earl of Agnus= regency
- 1495- old enough, dedicated warrior, sums of £ on weapons
- JIV recognise Warbeck 1496, shelter, pension, marriage LCG (cousin)
- 1496- support W invade UK
- H sent large army earl Surrey, marshelled UK troops on border
- JIV saved from invasion Cornish Rebel 1497
- TREATY OF AYTON 1497: end warfare, harmony
- formal peace treaty 1502
- JIV marry Princess Margaret 1503
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IRELAND FP
- Warbeck crisis- H forced Earl Kildare & nobles oath of alleigience
- 1491- W appear Cork, Ireland
- W- France 1492
- 1494- H put Poynings as Lord Deputy to- undermine nobles 'Poyning's laws' prevent parliamentry sessions or passing legislation without UK approval, restore order crush major rebelliong by Kildare bro, arrest Kildare- LDN Uk prisoner, lands attainted
- 1496- reverted rules Ireland through Anglo-Irish nobles
- reinstate Kildare as deputy
- reversed attainter, kept K's son in UK court
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NOBLES- INTRO
- 60 noble familes end WOR
- nobles drawn more central & local government
- nobles= social climbers (Sir Reginald Bray died left £1,000 per year in lands)
- legal training nobles= skilled administrators
- ******* FEUDALISM- Primus Interparis (1st among equals)
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NOBLES- READDRESS BALANCE ******* FEUD
- H rely on lower class, lawyers, moved them into counsel
- mid 1940s audit land & rev, fines etc
- COUNCIL LEARNED 1495- enforce bond & recs
- Pollard= anti- noble
- Williams= not anti noble
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NOBLES- Act of Attainder
- parliament pass
- guilty of crime against king (treason)
- imprisoned
- fam lose right inherit land, titles etc
- Thomas Howard- Lost Dukedom Norfolk after Bos
- 1485-6: 28 attainted
- 1487- 28
- 1495: 24
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NOBLES- Illegal Retaining
- private armies, servants wore nobles livery
- 1485- commons swear no illegal retaining
- 1504- nobles special licenses
- 1506- Lord Burgaveny fined £70,000 471 men illegal
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NOBLES- BONDS AND RECOGNISANCES
- bond= acknowledge owing lump sum stated, not paid if good condition observed (good behav)
- Recognisance= acknowledge deb/ obligation enforced by a bond
- The Marquis of Dorest- help Simnel- 1493-4- £3,000, 1504-05- £75,000
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FINANCE
- H inherited bankrupt throne
- had pay ordinary & extraordinary revenue
- need steady & secure income continue centralisation of power & disipline realm
- solvent reasury in will to HVIII- competent financial management
- BACON= GREEDY
- GUY= NOT GREEDY
- H develop administrative techniques, increase power reduce risk of rebellions
- H appointed zealous agents, legal training, ensure rev collected
- agents benefit patronage- rweards, increase status & wealth
- king carefully supervised- direct sometimes royal spies
- Sir Edward Belksnap- Surveyor of King's Prerogative, £7,000 in 7 months HATED
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FINANCE- Exchequer & Chamber
- initially excheuqer, employed own officials accurate but slow and less efficient
- previous kings- Chamber but collapsed. H lack financial skill re-construct immediate, cautious
- 1493- Exchequer lost right collect rev from crown lands
- BONDS to surveyors
RIII- 1484- Chamber= £25,000 pa
HVII- Exchequer- £12,000
HVII- 1508- Chamber- £42,000
Treasurer of Chamber= Thomas Lovell & Heron
Chamber= major financial office, financial documents, scrutinised & stored list debts, bonds & recs, fines land sales
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FINANCE- Ordinary Revenue
- king live of his own, pay costs of government, regular income
- 1. CUSTOM DUTIES- crack down corrupt officials, duties increase £33,000 - £40,000 pa
- 2. CROWN LANDS- Act of Attainder & Resumption all lost WOR, 1486- £12,000, 1508- £42,000
- 3. Feudal dues- relief- inherit dad, minor= warship- pay livery when old enough to inherit, marriage dues, aid when knighting eldest son & marry eldest daughter. COUNSEL LEARNED- 1487- under £350, 1507- £6,000 Robert Willoughby De Broke £400 livery BANKRUPT
- 4. Profits of Justice- issue royal writs & letters paid for in fees. Fines imposed by king , courts directly to crown
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FINANCE- EXTRAORDINARY REVENUE
- raise money from additional sources as a 1 off payments, emergencies/ extraordinary expenses
- 1. Parliamentary subsidies: grant directly assessed subsidy, each subsidy approx £29,000
- 2. Loans: voluntary loans from richer subjects e.g merchants. 1485- £10,000 (re-paid all) over reign £203,000
- 3. Benovolances: forced with thread of sanction if not paid. 1491: £48,000 (britt)
- Bonds: lump sum paid if conditio not observed, Recognisances- formal acknowledgment of debt enforced Council Learned in the Law
- 4. Feudal obligations- tenants-in-chief obliged to pay aid to king on knightship eldest son & marry eldest daughter. £30,000 Arthur knighted
- 5. Clerical taxes: convocation (church assembly) match parliamentary subsidy. Clerical grant £9,000 on each subsidy
- 6. French pension: 1475annual pension EIV, Etaples 1491- agree pay arrears of Picquiny, £159,000 over several years
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GOVERNMENT
- HVII used existing institutions & relationships- not innovative
- 1471- nobles= less independent, more local agents specify transmit royal authority
- king manage own finances, cornw lands, feudal dues
- court reformed renassiance courts
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GOVERNMENT- English courts
- court= magnificent (copy French)
- H cultivate own image- command subjects obedience and increase authority
- propoganda- gen pub= illiterate, built magnificent royal palaces, elaborate ceremonies
- court= source patronage grew as king's buracracy expanded, magnates power decrease
- several levels to court
- 1. Least political (service dept)- scullery/catering
- 2. 2 political sections: Privy Chamber 1490s by HVII place for personal servants 2: chamber- overseen by chamberlain at centre of patronage
- court places= values. Opp promote family & local interest LADDER
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GOVERNMENT- patronage
- king not rule alone, rely loyal servants carry out local government & represent king at royal court. Expect patronage- lands, grants, titles, offices, commisions
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GOVERNMENT- COUNSEL
- The Counsel- advised king, act as court of law, flex body, few procedures/formal rules
- during reign 227 men attend, innor core 6/7 close advisors
- link between king and central government & subjects and local government
- messages & reports flow from counsel to justiceof Peace
- specialised committees of counsel- Star Chamber 1487 (complaints and maintenance), Counsel Learned 1495- feudal landlord, debt collect unpopular.
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GOVERNMENT- PARLIAMENT
- lords & commons
- called by king legislate & grant tax
- HVIII- 7.
- 5= first decade
- 2= 2nd half of reign
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GOVERNMENT- Justices of the Peace
- H increase status & workload of JPs
- curb power of sheriffs
- 7 parliaments relevant to work of JPs
- amateur, crown-paid, crown-controlled administrators, great body of legislation
- operate 4 times year- Quarter sessions
- law & courtadministrative meetings in each county town
- JPs deal with risks, unlawful assemblies, illegal retaining, extortion, poaching, gambling etc
- H= anxious about effectiveness, if not satisfied leave off name for next year
- Act 1489- procedures/complaints against JPs
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GOVERNMENT- Administration of Justice
- good justiciar
- respected judical independence
- retained judges RIII had, only replace on death/retire
- Sir William Huse- Chief Justice of King's Bench, Sept 1485 (RIV&RIII)
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GOVERNMENT- Management of the Chrch
- H= roman catholic
- recognise pope as spiritual leader of christian church
- king ran church, church= loyal to hen
- confirm sanctity of royal office (coronation)H tight control church appointments, select well educated churchmen
- H allow bishops prove alleigence to tudor dynasty & then trust with responsibilities
- Thomas Langton deprived livings, by 1493= Bishop of Winchester
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GOVERNMENT- Relations with Papacy
- received papal support
- popes need support against french & spanish aggression in Italy
- after Bos H declare obedience to pope
- dispensation marry Arth to Eliz York- kids= legitimate
- 1486- pope's decision not plead sanctuary for treason
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TRADE
- not primary source of £
- provide £40,000 pa 1509
- serve dynastic needs
- genuine desire encourage growth in shipping, exports etc
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TRADE- Burgundy
- main exports- wool/woollen cloth main european cloth trading centre in Antwerp
- political enemey= Marg Burg- relations inconsistent
- 1493- Trade Embargo (Max back Warbeck)
- 1495- Intercursus Magnus with Philip (UK merchants= free anywhere but Flanders, no feudal duties, tax)
- 1506- Intercursus Malus / Treaty of Windsor- never implemented
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TRADE- France
- inconsistent relations
- 1487- UK back Breton, France impose restrictions on trade
- 1492- Treaty of Etaples, reduce restrictions
- 1495- France end all restrictions, secure english neutrality. Italian wars
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TRADE- Cloth Trade
- 90% of all exports= wool and cloth
- H limit trading rights by foreign traders in UK undermine Hansa
- 1487- banned export unfinished products by foreign merchants
- 1489- end Hansa privilidges
- 1504- restore Hansa's privilidges gain earl of suffolk
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TRADE- shipping
- did little uk navy- weaker state than Yorkist kings
- IV= 16 ships, H let decline
- 1487- 7 ships
- 1488- 5 ships
- Navigation acts 1485 & 1489 uk ships used more in certain trades, encourage uk shipping & shipbuilding
- end foreign dependency on foreign ships
- 1509- 1/2 trade= foreign ships
- limited success
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- Agriculture
- 90% pop= peasants, struggling survive SUBISTENCE AGRICULTURE, pay rent/taxes
- most important influence= quality harvest
- decline in open field system
- growin profitability in wool encourage enclosure & engross farms- less intensive but cause rural depopulation
- H pass legislation 1488&9 prevent depopulation but never enforced
- wool= important cloth everyone
- UK wool main ingredient in Flemish cloth industry based in Antwerp
- increase foreign demand, increase UK wool prices
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- Industry
- most important= wool and cloth rade
- 1508-09 20% of value in export trade in Newcastle
- 1496- H sponsored building blast furnace in Newbridge make araments Scottish War
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- coinage
- new denominations in gold & silver- new designs
- shilling piece 1st time had king head on/face wearing a closed crown (IMPERIAL POWER)
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