Human A2 Case Studies

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  • Created by: katiemote
  • Created on: 29-05-17 09:26

Tin in Cornwall

- heavy metal found in igneous rocks

- world output = 260,000 tonnes

- 1998 - last tin mine closed, high recovery costs + low selling prices = unprofitable

- early 21st Century - prices increased, more demand from NICs

- 2007 - mine reopened, £50 mill investment, 250 jobs, caused regeneration

- late 2007 - Australian company revived a tin mine in Plymouth, 500 jobs, £20 mill into local economy, 20-40 years

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Solar Energy as a Resource

- Photovoltaic cells - largest in China - now focusing on environ issues as it is now fully developped

- Italy has highest percentage - 9%

- Shift from Europe to developing Asia

- In 2050 - solar is to priduce 25% of world's energy

- Africa has highes potential BUT 

- no money to produce

- has energy debt already

- Process to make - produces greenhouse gases + need big batteries to store energy

- Effiency has increased - at 15% - now cheaper to produce

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Water supply problems in USA

- Western USA 

- Semi arid - low rainfall, droughts, forestry has reduced air moisture

- Water is used for agriculture (80%) + in growing cities (LA)

- Increasing afluence - pools, golf courses

- Supply of Colorado River isnt enough - demand is higher than supply

Management

- reducing water subsidies for famers - water becomes expensive, reduces demand

- dry farming + drip irrigation

- rationing

- mending leakages + more efficient toilets 

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Resource Curse in Uganda

- Small, landlocked country in East Africa

- Population = 37 million - 7 million are in poverty

- HDI = 0.49

- Oil - found on border with DRC, 1 billion barrels found

- Government - lots of corruption, money from oil goes to rich elite not into country

Management

- Information needs to be readily available to everyone

- Monitor where money is going by government

- "Publish what you pay"

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Sustainable Forestry in Finland

- Over 75% of the country is forest

- Mild cilmate - most favourable for tree growth

- Economy - 30% of exports, 8% of GDP, 200,000 jobs

- National Forestry Programme aims to secure jobs, maintain ecostystems + protect the role of forests

Management

- Legal obligation to replant trees after cutting

- Subsidies and grants to those who practice sustainability

- Use short wood methods

- Trees cut in winter so machinery doesn't impact ground

- Only local trees can be replanted

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Sustainable Fishing in Namibia

- Very productive waters - Benguela current

- Catches = 2 million/year

- 20 mill tonnes have been taken - no benefit to country

- However government changed - has more rights over fish now

Management

- TAC - vary from species to species and from year to year

- Quotas

- Areas are closed at certain times - reproduction

- No discards, all edible fish must be landed

- Restrictions on mesh size

- Namibianisation - more Namibians employed, greater the fishing quotas

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Zimbabwe

  • Population = 15.6 mill
  • HDI = 0.5
  • Gini = 45
  • 9% unemployment rate

- 65% of economy = agriculture

- land seizures - land given to gov supporters, land was destroyed - affected food security

- huge inflation - 11 mill in 2008 - caused by gov printing money

- poor fiscal policies + overspending = huge budget problems

- large numbers of skilled professionals have left - econ dev has gone backwards

- 83% live on less that $2 a day - 45% are malnourished - country relies on aid + imports BUT

- investment + NGOs have disappeared 

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Namibia

  • Population = 2.5 mill
  • HDI = 0.62
  • Gini = 61
  • GNP = $25 bill
  • Since independence - economy developing BUT more inequality, rich getting richer

Walvis Bay

  • FDI from China - mineral exports
  • Export processing zone - jobs + econ dev - has no export duties/co-operatio tax to attract FDI

Windhoek

  • The core - concentration of people, services, infrastructure + skills
  • Apartheid - blacks are in homelands, highly skilled white workforce
  • Resources (skilled labour, captial, natrual recrouses) come from periphery to core = Backwash - more spatial inequaltiy - wages are 2x in urban areas
  • Poverty caused by high unemployment, HIV epidemic + insufficient ecnomic growth
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South Africa

  • Apartheid area
    • history of segregation - non whites controlled by Pass laws
    • segregation is based on income nowadays
  • Townships
    • immigrants communities
    • multiple deprivation
    • poor housing
    • close living - susceptible to extreme weather effects - healthcare problems
  • Cross Roads
    • 80% live below poverty line
    • high food shortages
    • antisocial behaviour + crime
  • Constantia
    • large properties
    • high quality of life rating
    • many gated communities
    • 87% of population is white
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AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • 75% of global dealth toll in 2008
  • Effects = illness + health     - productive people aren't able to work

Lake Victoria, Kenya

  • Main sufferers - fishermen - large fishing industry
  • Competition between market traders is high - women turn to prostitution (Jaboya System)
  • Fishermen follow the migrating fish through the lake - spread the disease - mobile economy

Prevention

  • Uganda - ABC method
  • Money from World Bank - health promotion, free contraception, drugs, support groups

However

  • Recent shortage of condoms - prices rose, problems for poor families
  • Conflict in N. Uganda - rebels have abducted young girls, 50% have an STI
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Bangladesh - Dhaka

  • Population = 13 million - megacity
  • City of growth
    • informal housing - slum dependency
    • informal economy - child exploitation
  • Tradition economy - rely on agriculture
  • Overpopulation -
    • out of balance with resources
    • overfishing
    • resources under pressure
  • Natural disasters 
    • strong river erosion - changes in river volume
    • more snow melt in Himalayas
    • more flooding - 100,000 homeless each year
  • UNICEF centres 
    • help children - high young demographic 
    • act as schools
    • give children a meal
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Indonesia

- Population - 249 mill

- MINT country - rapid dev

- 29 million live below poverty line - $17 a month

- Employment growth is slower than population growth

  • Successful economy 
    • political stability
    • encouragement of offshore activities
    • large pop = large workforce
  • Social issues - public services
    • inadequate health services - 68% have sanitation facilities
    • have failed to reach millenium goal
      • 228 deaths every 100,000 births - reduce to 105
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Environmental Issues

Noise Pollution in Beijing

  • Population = 20 million
  • Rapid urban expansion + growth 
    • forget environment
    • lack of planning - no land use segregation
  • Poor quality of life - noise at night - construction sites

Air Pollution in Mexico City

  • Population = 122.3 million
  • High pressure above city
    • unusual state
    • temp increases with altitude
    • convection cannot take the pollution away 
    • pollution is trapped
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Nigeria

  • Population - 174 million
    • largest in Africa
    • 47% of West Africa
  • Huge growth in 
    • manufacturing
    • telecommunications
    • agriculture
  • Social problems
    • 500 languages
    • 200 ethnic groups - ethnic fragmentation
  • Biggest oil exporter in Africa
    • large natural reserves
    • 90% of exports
  • Political instability 
    • terrorism
    • has meant less offshoring
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