Human A2 Case Studies
- Created by: katiemote
- Created on: 29-05-17 09:26
Tin in Cornwall
- heavy metal found in igneous rocks
- world output = 260,000 tonnes
- 1998 - last tin mine closed, high recovery costs + low selling prices = unprofitable
- early 21st Century - prices increased, more demand from NICs
- 2007 - mine reopened, £50 mill investment, 250 jobs, caused regeneration
- late 2007 - Australian company revived a tin mine in Plymouth, 500 jobs, £20 mill into local economy, 20-40 years
Solar Energy as a Resource
- Photovoltaic cells - largest in China - now focusing on environ issues as it is now fully developped
- Italy has highest percentage - 9%
- Shift from Europe to developing Asia
- In 2050 - solar is to priduce 25% of world's energy
- Africa has highes potential BUT
- no money to produce
- has energy debt already
- Process to make - produces greenhouse gases + need big batteries to store energy
- Effiency has increased - at 15% - now cheaper to produce
Water supply problems in USA
- Western USA
- Semi arid - low rainfall, droughts, forestry has reduced air moisture
- Water is used for agriculture (80%) + in growing cities (LA)
- Increasing afluence - pools, golf courses
- Supply of Colorado River isnt enough - demand is higher than supply
Management
- reducing water subsidies for famers - water becomes expensive, reduces demand
- dry farming + drip irrigation
- rationing
- mending leakages + more efficient toilets
Resource Curse in Uganda
- Small, landlocked country in East Africa
- Population = 37 million - 7 million are in poverty
- HDI = 0.49
- Oil - found on border with DRC, 1 billion barrels found
- Government - lots of corruption, money from oil goes to rich elite not into country
Management
- Information needs to be readily available to everyone
- Monitor where money is going by government
- "Publish what you pay"
Sustainable Forestry in Finland
- Over 75% of the country is forest
- Mild cilmate - most favourable for tree growth
- Economy - 30% of exports, 8% of GDP, 200,000 jobs
- National Forestry Programme aims to secure jobs, maintain ecostystems + protect the role of forests
Management
- Legal obligation to replant trees after cutting
- Subsidies and grants to those who practice sustainability
- Use short wood methods
- Trees cut in winter so machinery doesn't impact ground
- Only local trees can be replanted
Sustainable Fishing in Namibia
- Very productive waters - Benguela current
- Catches = 2 million/year
- 20 mill tonnes have been taken - no benefit to country
- However government changed - has more rights over fish now
Management
- TAC - vary from species to species and from year to year
- Quotas
- Areas are closed at certain times - reproduction
- No discards, all edible fish must be landed
- Restrictions on mesh size
- Namibianisation - more Namibians employed, greater the fishing quotas
Zimbabwe
- Population = 15.6 mill
- HDI = 0.5
- Gini = 45
- 9% unemployment rate
- 65% of economy = agriculture
- land seizures - land given to gov supporters, land was destroyed - affected food security
- huge inflation - 11 mill in 2008 - caused by gov printing money
- poor fiscal policies + overspending = huge budget problems
- large numbers of skilled professionals have left - econ dev has gone backwards
- 83% live on less that $2 a day - 45% are malnourished - country relies on aid + imports BUT
- investment + NGOs have disappeared
Namibia
- Population = 2.5 mill
- HDI = 0.62
- Gini = 61
- GNP = $25 bill
- Since independence - economy developing BUT more inequality, rich getting richer
Walvis Bay
- FDI from China - mineral exports
- Export processing zone - jobs + econ dev - has no export duties/co-operatio tax to attract FDI
Windhoek
- The core - concentration of people, services, infrastructure + skills
- Apartheid - blacks are in homelands, highly skilled white workforce
- Resources (skilled labour, captial, natrual recrouses) come from periphery to core = Backwash - more spatial inequaltiy - wages are 2x in urban areas
- Poverty caused by high unemployment, HIV epidemic + insufficient ecnomic growth
South Africa
- Apartheid area
- history of segregation - non whites controlled by Pass laws
- segregation is based on income nowadays
- Townships
- immigrants communities
- multiple deprivation
- poor housing
- close living - susceptible to extreme weather effects - healthcare problems
- Cross Roads
- 80% live below poverty line
- high food shortages
- antisocial behaviour + crime
- Constantia
- large properties
- high quality of life rating
- many gated communities
- 87% of population is white
AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 75% of global dealth toll in 2008
- Effects = illness + health - productive people aren't able to work
Lake Victoria, Kenya
- Main sufferers - fishermen - large fishing industry
- Competition between market traders is high - women turn to prostitution (Jaboya System)
- Fishermen follow the migrating fish through the lake - spread the disease - mobile economy
Prevention
- Uganda - ABC method
- Money from World Bank - health promotion, free contraception, drugs, support groups
However
- Recent shortage of condoms - prices rose, problems for poor families
- Conflict in N. Uganda - rebels have abducted young girls, 50% have an STI
Bangladesh - Dhaka
- Population = 13 million - megacity
- City of growth
- informal housing - slum dependency
- informal economy - child exploitation
- Tradition economy - rely on agriculture
- Overpopulation -
- out of balance with resources
- overfishing
- resources under pressure
- Natural disasters
- strong river erosion - changes in river volume
- more snow melt in Himalayas
- more flooding - 100,000 homeless each year
- UNICEF centres
- help children - high young demographic
- act as schools
- give children a meal
Indonesia
- Population - 249 mill
- MINT country - rapid dev
- 29 million live below poverty line - $17 a month
- Employment growth is slower than population growth
- Successful economy
- political stability
- encouragement of offshore activities
- large pop = large workforce
- Social issues - public services
- inadequate health services - 68% have sanitation facilities
- have failed to reach millenium goal
- 228 deaths every 100,000 births - reduce to 105
Environmental Issues
Noise Pollution in Beijing
- Population = 20 million
- Rapid urban expansion + growth
- forget environment
- lack of planning - no land use segregation
- Poor quality of life - noise at night - construction sites
Air Pollution in Mexico City
- Population = 122.3 million
- High pressure above city
- unusual state
- temp increases with altitude
- convection cannot take the pollution away
- pollution is trapped
Nigeria
- Population - 174 million
- largest in Africa
- 47% of West Africa
- Huge growth in
- manufacturing
- telecommunications
- agriculture
- Social problems
- 500 languages
- 200 ethnic groups - ethnic fragmentation
- Biggest oil exporter in Africa
- large natural reserves
- 90% of exports
- Political instability
- terrorism
- has meant less offshoring
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