Development dynamics

The United Nations uses development indicators to measure how a country is improving. It also makes it easy to compare countries development against each other.

Economic development indicators include:

• Gross Domestic Product-The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year (in US Dollars, for easy comnparison). Dividing GDP by population gives GDP per person (or per capita). GDP is now measured in PPP (Purchasing Power Party) which shows what it will buy in each country. Low-income countries usually have low prices, so one dollar will buy more there than in the UK.
• Poverty line- The minimum income required to meet someone's basic needs - the World Bank uses 1.25 dollars per person, per day.
• Measures of inequality- These show how equally wealth is shared among the population. It includes the percentage of GDP owned by the wealthiest 10% of the population, and by the poorest 10%

Social development indicators include:

• Access to safe drinking water
• Literacy rate.

• The UN also use HDI (Human Development Index) to measure the development of a country.
• HDI is a figure between 0 and 1. It is calculated using an average of four indicators: life expectancy, education, average length of schooling, and GDP per capita.
• The HDI rank and GDP rank are usually similar for a country.
• Corruption Perception Index is used to advise other countries on how reliable they are, it uses a scale of 10 (Honest) to 0 (very corrupt).
• In corrupt countries, invested money is likely to be used to bribe officials, or purchase weapons.

Population change
This change is due the countries developing. As countries develop there GDP per capita increases. This mean the countries have more money to spend on health, education and piped water.
Over time developing countries are expected to see:

• birth and death rates, dependency ratios, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and maternal mortality rate will fall
• life expectancy, years of schooling and literacy rates all increase.

If this happens countries will see a rise in the populations age, like in the UK.

Women's Health and Education

• In undeveloped countries women are likely to be poorer than men,
• many of them work as landless labourers, and many mothers are malnourished.
• The education the receive is free up to the age of 11 and then they often are asked to pay which most families can't afford.
• In rural areas many girls get married at the age of 13 or 14 so there education stops.

Women's Health and Education

• In developed countries, like the UK it is different.
• Women aare more likely to get a career after education, and marry and have kids later.
• This causes a fall in fertility and mortality rates.
• This making the HDI and GDP better for the countries.

North-South Divide

• In 1980 it was noticed by Willie Brandt (the German Chancellor at the time) that the globe had been split into two groups, rich and poor.
• The most of the wealthy countries lay in the northern hempishere so were named the 'global north'. 
• These countries were the worlds High Income Countries (HICs).
• They consisted of North America, Western Europe, JApan and Australasia.
• Compared to the gorup of poorer countries, that mostly lay in the sounth hempishere,  so were called the 'global south'.
• These were the worlds Low Income Countries (LICs).
• These consisted of Latin America, Africa and Asia.

Global shares of wealth

• 
  
• They split the different countries into 5 groups which all had similar GDPs the results were staggering: 
• The top quantile, the richest 20% of the world, countries owned 83% of the world's wealth.
• The second fifth owned 9.9%
• The third fiftj owned 4.2%.
• The fourth fifth owned 2.1%.
• The poorest fifth, countries ranked between 185-230, owned just 15 of the world's wealth.

North-South Divide

• Since the report by Brandt in 1980, there was a rapid development seen in Latin America.
• This made a group of countries called the Middle Income Countries (MICs).
• It consisted of countries like Brazil and Chile.
• The countries development occured because of their souce of raw materials. THis encouraged investment and growth.
• The cities saw a big increase in population.
• In the 1990's the same development was seen in south-east Asia.
• The growth was because of the reloaction of manufacturing from the US and European TNCs.
• These countries growth was so aggresive they were nicknamed the 'Asian Tigers'
• Their economices doubled between 1988 and 1996.
• This region is classed as the Newly Industrialing Countries (NICs)
• The most rapid development of all is the countires Brazil, Russia, India and China, also known as BRICs (after their initails).

Why are some countries poor?

• They may face some barriers: economic - terms of trade-, social - little education-, enviornmental - changing climate.
• Some theories think they are poor due to its past relationships with other countries.

Rostow's theory

• Made a theory on the experience of Europe, North America and Australasia's development.
• It included- 1. Traditional Society, 2. Pre-conditions for take-off, 3. Take-off, 4. Drive to maturity and 5. Age of high mass consumption.

Frank's dependency theory

• This was made to oppose Rostow's theory and was made in 1967.
• It included core - the developed nations of the world, like Europe- and the periphery which is other countries that produce raw materials (low value) to sell to the core. The core then makes them into higher value products and becomes wealthy.
• This means that the periphery depended on the core for its trade. 

                                                                      Frank's Dependency Theory

What is globalisation?

GLOBALISATION MEANS THE WAYS IN WHICH COUNTRIES BECOME INCREASINGLY CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER

• Globalisation happens through:
• economic inter-dependence between countries - national borders have become less important.
• increasing volumes and variety of trade in goods and services.
• increased spread of technology
• international flows of investment into other countries
• using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply - known as outsourcing (call centres)
• culture, where global media companies spread 24 hour news, TV, film and music.

Changes in investment

• US and European Trans-National Companies moved their factories anf transport infrastucture to south-east Asia in the 1990's.
• This was because the labour could be done more cheaply giving them bigger profits.
• Chinese wages are 90% lower than USA and Europe.
• The investment from one country to another is known as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• The movement was also benefitically in China as they experienced a massive growth.

Site

• Forms part of a sub-contient known as Southern Asia. It looks south, east and west to trade with its neighbours. Not north due to the Himalayas acting as a barrier.

Situation

• It is located between the Middle East and south-east Asia, the world's fastest growing economic regions.

Connectivity

• It has good relationships with nations like the Middle East, China, Singapore and Hong Kong. In 2014 25% of Indias exports went to those countries.

Growth

• Predicted to be the world's second largest economy by 2050 due to it being one of the world's fast emerging countires. 
• Grows by 7% on average a year since 1997, compared to UK's 2% growth a year.

Large country. 3.3million sq. km. 13 times larger than the UK, only a third of the size of the USA.

Socially

• world's second largest popualtion, 1,25 billion. Expected to vertake China by 2022.
• world's fourth and fifth largest cities - Mumbai (16million people) and Kolkata (15million).
• world's worst urban slums housing 40 million people (25% of urban population.

Politically

• world's largest democracy - 672 million people registered to vote in 2015.
• growing global influence - big memeber of the UN and G20 summit.

Culturally

• birth place of four world religons - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism
• largest film industury in the world, over 1200 films a year

Environmentally

• world's third greatest emitter of greenhouse gases.