Collectivisation

• Production would be more efficient
• Mechanisation
• Fewer workers needed on farms - more people to work on developing industry 
• Increase in production - government could sell more overseas and provide more resources and higher living standards for urban workers

Aims

• Production increase
• Larger farms increase efficiency 
• More workers for developing industry

Failures

• Production decreased 
• Produce prices rose
• Living standards fell
• Money fell short

Aims

• Grain would be produced for community benefit
• Capitalists would embrace socialism

Failures

• Peasants lacked revolutionary spirit
• Traditional farming techniques were still used

Aims

• Stop grain import
• More money to spend on industry development

Failures

• Peasants refused to co-operate
• Simplistic agricultural view

• Stalin increased government's power over economy
• Rationing was reintroduced
• State resumed grain requisitioning in 1928
• Grain hoarding could be punished (Soviet Criminal Code - Article 107)
• Poor peasants were rewarded for informing on neighbours - they were given land belonging to the kulaks
• Policies caused resentment
• Party was persuaded by Bukharin to abandon policy
• Policy was brought back as Stalin gained more power
• Government began requisitioning meat in 1929
• Article 61 from Criminal Code was revised - police were given power to send kulaks to the labour camps for up to two years as punishment for 'failure to carry out general state instructions'

• December 1929 saw mass collectivisation
• Stalin instructed to 'liquidate the kulaks as a class'
• 'Dekulakisation' - marked the end of Capitalism and independent countryside farming
• Vastly increased collectivisation speed by 1934
• Immediate colectivisation was caused by the call to liquidate the kulaks
• Poorest peasants were appealed to to lead
• Collective farms would control local land and peasants would pool resources 
• Poor peasants could use kulaks' resources and share in greater harvest 
• Poor peasants were a minority
• Collectivisation was independence and financial loss
• Peasants rebelled by destroying grain and livestock
• 18 million horses and 100 million sheep and goats were destroyed
• Kulaks destroyed machinery instead of handing it to Communists

• Stalin initiated a new policy at the start of forced collectivisation
• Communists disagreed with plans and refused to implement them
• Stalin issued a decree to get around it
• 25,000 'socially conscious' industrial workers were sent to the countryside
• 27,000 workers volunteered
• Hoped to revolutionise countryside and take part in building socialism 
• Became known as the 'Twenty-five-thousanders'
• Took a two-week course and offered technical help to peasants and instruct them on use of new machinery
• Twenty-five-thousanders were really used to enforce dekulakisation 
• Volunteers were expected to find and confiscate secret supplies of grain, round up and organise kulaks' exile and force remaining peasants into collective farms

• First wave of forced collectivisation caused 'untold human suffering'
• Majority of kulaks and their families were shot or exiled to Siberia
• Those who survived their journey to Siberia were imprisoned in forced labour camps  run by secret police
• Many died of disease or hunger
• Stalin announced that 'Moscow does not believe in tears'  and was unmoved
• Collectivisation caused chaos in agricultural economy
• Wholesale livestock slaughter, destruction of tractors and burning of crops were results of resistance to forced collectivisation 
• Progress created surge of hostility towards government
• Economic and political reality forced Stalin to stop collectivisation in 1930
• Stalin defended policy in Pravda article 'Dizzy with Success'
• Claimed local officials had been 'overenthusiastic'
• Argued that target had been met and programme would be suspended
• Never admitted that it had caused problems
• By August 1930, many had gone back to their own farms
• Only a quarter of Russian farms remained collectivised

• Food was extremely scarce and a lot of it was also banned
• By confiscating grain, problems arose for the entire community because it was such a valued and important crop - if anyone was found in possession of any amount of grain, it would be seized and the person shot or exiled - this meant less farm workers
• Seized grain would be sent to cities in order to provide industrialisation resources - but the policy was in such a bad state that the grain went to waste and rotted away

Rural areas

• Many peasants were exiled or shot
• Remaining peasants endured extreme hardship
• Farms could barely cover production costs
• Received little reward
• Failed to raise production

Urban areas

• Goal was to produce more grain
• Standards of living fell
• Failed to deliver unity
• Wages fell
• No spirit amoungst kulaks and peasants

Communist Party

• Created feeling of crisis
• Party remained loyal to Stalin and he came out stronger and was viewed as heroic