Side taking

Created by: lucyf
Created on: 19-04-14 21:05

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Side Taking
- Socio-economic factors
  - 'Iceberg theory' (not real term)
    - What matters is what's going on beneath surface (ie. impersonal factors which drive people's actions)
    - Class identity and economic factors
      - Some historians argue religion = a function of class
  - King
    - Gentry
    - Aristocracy
      - Their tenants ('the rabble')
        Gentry
  - Parliament
    - Tradesmen
    - Freeholders or Yeomen (own land)
    - 'Middle sort'
      - Especially in towns + areas of manufacture (corporations NOT industry) - skilled work
    - Puritans
  - Marxist view
    - Stages
      - Wealth based on:
        Land (agriculture)
        Manufacture + trade
        Industry
      - Stages of Society:
        Feudalism
        Capitalism
        Socialism
        Communism
      - Power held by:
        Landholders (King, nobility, Church, etc.)
        Bourgeoisie
        Proletariat
    - Must have revolution to move between stages
      - Civil War = between feudalism + capitalism
- Religion
  - Fear of Roman Catholicism
    - Deeply rooted in all levels of society
    - Deeply suspicious of King's Catholic associates
      - Feared a royal victory would mean triumph of Roman Catholicism (despite Hyde's moderate statements)
  - Fear of Presbyterianism or radical Puritan sects
    - Parliamentarians' attacks on CofE = Anglican Church in danger of being replaced
      - People disliked Laud's reforms but Anglican Church still = respected + well-liked
        Shown by continued attendance through wars
        
        Threats to even moderate bishops (ie. Bishop Hall of Norwich) swung many back to King
  - Presbyterians, Independents + religious radicals = no reason to support King, every reason to support Parliament
    - Only Parliament would give church reform they longed for
    - Parliament's armies filled with the 'godly'
- Constitutional issues
  - Edmund Ludlow (eventually = convinced republican of radical tendencies)
    - 'the Nineteen Propositions were the principle foundation of the ensuing war'
  - Conservatives (Hyde)
    - Felt King's rights = vital to constitutional balance
      - Parliament = destroying old foundations of English law + constitution
- Neutralism
  - Hopton (Royalist commander) 'I detest this war without an enemy'
  - Morrill = found evidence for attempts at neutrality pacts between many counties
    - Even counties ie. Norfolk (strong Parliamentarian) = showed reluctance to engage
      - Some gentry just voted money for 'defence of the county'
  - Despite support for Parliament among many London merchants - many merchant communities (Bristol, Leicester, even Puritan Norwich) = feared war
    - Would disrupt trade + raise taxes
    - Would mean capture + looting of towns (had a lot to lose)
      - So did gentry
  - Fear of anarchy ie. 30 Years War in Germany
    - Norfolk petition January 1643: warned of 'miserable spectacle of a German devastation'
  - Would mean fighting neighbours, former friends, family members
  - Choosing wrong side could = fatal
- Localism
  - Feuds
    - In Leicestershire - long-standing feud between Grey + Hastings families
      - Lord Grey of Groby = stern Puritan = Parliament
      - Hastings = King to extend feud (hoping to destroy Greys)
        Leicester = split between supporters of wo families
        Lord Grey of Groby = stern Puritan = Parliament
  - Suffolk - Sir Nathaniel Barnardiston = strong Parliamentary supporter
    - Lesser gentry = used to following his lead
  - Earl Stanley of Derby forced population in area to join Royalist cause (threatened to shoot)
- Self-interest
  - Monopolists + Customs Farmers had to support King
    - No option if they wanted any hope of retrieving their loans
- Economic interests
  - Northampton support of Parliament = not unconnected to large boot + shoe contracts
  - Some of great territorial aristocracy = Royalist
    - Power + status derived from King + institution of kingship
    - Marquess of Newcastle spent over £900,000 on Royal cause, Marquess of Worcester over £700,000
      - Saw Parliament victory as threat to their social + political power
    - Others weren't (Warwick, Essex, Saye + Sele)
    - Majority of aristocracy supported King with varying degrees of enthusiasm
- Interpretations
  - Contemporaries = Hyde (Moderate Royalist) + Ludlow (Puritan Republican)
  - Whig (19th C) = Outdated monarchy attempting to stop natural desire of Parliament to have more power
    - Macaulay + Gardiner
  - Marxist = rising bourgeoisie overthrowing feudal system
    - Hill + Tawney
      - Hill: Puritanism = driving force of change (emphasis on hard work + individualism)
  - Recent (last 30 years) = modified Marxist + Whig
    - Stone - decline in power + influence of aristocracy (King's natural supporters)
    - Everett = local conditions
    - Zagorin = cultural split in society
    - Hirst, Alymer, Holmes, Morrill
    - Ashton = attacked Marxism (70s) = gentry conservatives + Charles progressive
  - Revisionist = no long term causes until 1637
    - Conrad Russell + Sharpe
    - Hutton + Hirst reject more extreme revisionist ideas
Aristocracy
- Their tenants ('the rabble')
Traditional loyalties
- Could operate on local level - enabling leading gentry + aristocrats to get lower gentry to follow their lead
- National level - sense that King = traditional ruler
  - Many accustomed to obey and revere
  - Whatever misgivings about conduct - idea of rebelling = unthinkable
    - Worried Parliamentarians = reassured:
      - King was in hands of 'evil counsellors' - war being fought to free him
      - War = not against kingship itself but against king who failed to live up to ideals of kingship
    - Many (ie. Sir Edmund Verney) = sympathised with Parliaments aims + had no reverence for bishops
      - Fought for King (died at Edgehill)
      - 'my conscience is only concerned to follow my master and I will not do so base a thing as to forsake him'
- Side Taking
  - Socio-economic factors
    - 'Iceberg theory' (not real term)
      - What matters is what's going on beneath surface (ie. impersonal factors which drive people's actions)
      - Class identity and economic factors
        Some historians argue religion = a function of class
    - King
    - Parliament
      - Tradesmen
      - Freeholders or Yeomen (own land)
      - 'Middle sort'
        Especially in towns + areas of manufacture (corporations NOT industry) - skilled work
      - Puritans
    - Marxist view
      - Stages
        Wealth based on:
        Land (agriculture)
        Manufacture + trade
        Industry
        
        Stages of Society:
        Feudalism
        Capitalism
        Socialism
        Communism
        
        Power held by:
        Landholders (King, nobility, Church, etc.)
        Bourgeoisie
        Proletariat
      - Must have revolution to move between stages
        Civil War = between feudalism + capitalism
  - Religion
    - Fear of Roman Catholicism
      - Deeply rooted in all levels of society
      - Deeply suspicious of King's Catholic associates
        Feared a royal victory would mean triumph of Roman Catholicism (despite Hyde's moderate statements)
    - Fear of Presbyterianism or radical Puritan sects
      - Parliamentarians' attacks on CofE = Anglican Church in danger of being replaced
        People disliked Laud's reforms but Anglican Church still = respected + well-liked
        Shown by continued attendance through wars
        
        Threats to even moderate bishops (ie. Bishop Hall of Norwich) swung many back to King
    - Presbyterians, Independents + religious radicals = no reason to support King, every reason to support Parliament
      - Only Parliament would give church reform they longed for
      - Parliament's armies filled with the 'godly'
  - Constitutional issues
    - Edmund Ludlow (eventually = convinced republican of radical tendencies)
      - 'the Nineteen Propositions were the principle foundation of the ensuing war'
    - Conservatives (Hyde)
      - Felt King's rights = vital to constitutional balance
        Parliament = destroying old foundations of English law + constitution
  - Neutralism
    - Hopton (Royalist commander) 'I detest this war without an enemy'
    - Morrill = found evidence for attempts at neutrality pacts between many counties
      - Even counties ie. Norfolk (strong Parliamentarian) = showed reluctance to engage
        Some gentry just voted money for 'defence of the county'
    - Despite support for Parliament among many London merchants - many merchant communities (Bristol, Leicester, even Puritan Norwich) = feared war
      - Would disrupt trade + raise taxes
      - Would mean capture + looting of towns (had a lot to lose)
        So did gentry
    - Fear of anarchy ie. 30 Years War in Germany
      - Norfolk petition January 1643: warned of 'miserable spectacle of a German devastation'
    - Would mean fighting neighbours, former friends, family members
    - Choosing wrong side could = fatal
  - Localism
    - Feuds
      - In Leicestershire - long-standing feud between Grey + Hastings families
        Hastings = King to extend feud (hoping to destroy Greys)
        Leicester = split between supporters of wo families
    - Suffolk - Sir Nathaniel Barnardiston = strong Parliamentary supporter
      - Lesser gentry = used to following his lead
    - Earl Stanley of Derby forced population in area to join Royalist cause (threatened to shoot)
  - Self-interest
    - Monopolists + Customs Farmers had to support King
      - No option if they wanted any hope of retrieving their loans
  - Economic interests
    - Northampton support of Parliament = not unconnected to large boot + shoe contracts
    - Some of great territorial aristocracy = Royalist
      - Power + status derived from King + institution of kingship
      - Marquess of Newcastle spent over £900,000 on Royal cause, Marquess of Worcester over £700,000
        Saw Parliament victory as threat to their social + political power
      - Others weren't (Warwick, Essex, Saye + Sele)
      - Majority of aristocracy supported King with varying degrees of enthusiasm
  - Interpretations
    - Contemporaries = Hyde (Moderate Royalist) + Ludlow (Puritan Republican)
    - Whig (19th C) = Outdated monarchy attempting to stop natural desire of Parliament to have more power
      - Macaulay + Gardiner
    - Marxist = rising bourgeoisie overthrowing feudal system
      - Hill + Tawney
        Hill: Puritanism = driving force of change (emphasis on hard work + individualism)
    - Recent (last 30 years) = modified Marxist + Whig
      - Stone - decline in power + influence of aristocracy (King's natural supporters)
      - Everett = local conditions
      - Zagorin = cultural split in society
      - Hirst, Alymer, Holmes, Morrill
      - Ashton = attacked Marxism (70s) = gentry conservatives + Charles progressive
    - Revisionist = no long term causes until 1637
      - Conrad Russell + Sharpe
      - Hutton + Hirst reject more extreme revisionist ideas
Worried Parliamentarians = reassured:
- King was in hands of 'evil counsellors' - war being fought to free him
- War = not against kingship itself but against king who failed to live up to ideals of kingship

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Side taking

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