Edward VI - Northumberland
- Created by: Akaash
- Created on: 14-05-16 16:31
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- Northumberl-and
- Rise to Power
- He expelled the conservatives from the council in 1550
- He was made Lord President of the Council and later General Warden of the North
- This gave him military command. He gained complete control in 1551 when he had Somerset rearrested and then took the title of Duke of Northumberland
- Northumberland learnt from Somerset's mistakes and ensured control of the council.
- He enlarged the membership of the council to 33 and selected members based on loyalty
- He chose men who had military experience to make sure he had immediate armed support
- He put the privy council back to the center of government and made less use of proclamations - using Parliamnet to confirm legislation where possible
- The difficulties facing the new government were the same as the old: REVENUE, FINANCE and FOREIGN POLICY
- The difficulties facing the new government were the same as the old: REVENUE, FINANCE and FOREIGN POLICY
- Revenue and Finance
- By 1550, the government was virtually bankrupt
- Somerset had spent £1.3m on the war and sold crown lands to the cost of £800,000
- Ending the war drastically reduced expenditure and coinage was debased again in May 1551
- But the crown still had to borrow from Continental bankers
- Sir William Cecil was restored as Secretary of State and started paying off debts through the sale of Chantry land and Church goods
- By March 1552 coinage was reissued with silver content being restored to the level it was in 1527
- This put confidence back into the currency and reduced inflation
- Northumberland paid off the remainder of his mercenary troops and a contingency fund (privy coffer) was established
- By 1553 the financial situation had been stabilised but another £140,000 of Crown lands had to be sold
- Streamlining of collection of royal revenue was the most pressing matter
- To reduce corruption and inefficiency, the number of revenue courts were reduced from 5 to 2
- Leaving the Exchequer and the Office of Crown Lands
- To reduce corruption and inefficiency, the number of revenue courts were reduced from 5 to 2
- Northumberland had shown great political skill
- By 1550, the government was virtually bankrupt
- Foreign Policy
- 1549
- The war was becoming increasingly unpopular with the nobles and the general public
- High levels of taxation were undermining the economy and provoking hostility
- But Northumberland was dealing with gaining control of the government rather than trying to resolve these problems
- France
- France took advantage of the chaos in England and built up forces around Boulogne
- An English fleet destroyed a strong force of French ships in the channel
- Boulogne could be supplied by sea
- But the government was nearly bankrupt and Northumberland could not raised an army to lift the seige
- Boulogne could be supplied by sea
- An English fleet destroyed a strong force of French ships in the channel
- France took advantage of the chaos in England and built up forces around Boulogne
- January 1550
- A delegation was sent to negotiate a settlement
- The Treaty of Boulogne was signed in March
- England would withdraw in exchange for a ransom of 400,000 crowns
- Also, England had to remove their garrisons in Scotland and only attack if provoked
- A defensive alliance between France and England was also enacted
- Boulogne was handed over in April
- The English garrison was sent to Calais
- Peace was restore but was unpopular
- England's international position remained weak
- Lack of money meant that the size of the army and navy had to be reduced
- The Treaty of Boulogne was signed in March
- A delegation was sent to negotiate a settlement
- Holy Roman Empire
- Improved relations with France made relations deteriorate with the HRE
- Charles V did not like the fact that Edward wanted Mary to abandon her faith
- There was a breakdown in commercial contrasts with the Netherlands that had been protected by the Intercursus Magnus 1496
- In April 1550, Charles allowed the Catholic Inquisition to arrest heretics in the Netherlands. This outraged English merchants
- The edict was modified to exclude foreigners but it brought about the collapse of the Antwerp cloth market because many Flemish workers went to England to avoid persecution
- In December 1550 Charles tried to restore trading relations but only did it because of the fear of England would be driven to a closer alliance with France
- The edict was modified to exclude foreigners but it brought about the collapse of the Antwerp cloth market because many Flemish workers went to England to avoid persecution
- In April 1550, Charles allowed the Catholic Inquisition to arrest heretics in the Netherlands. This outraged English merchants
- There was a breakdown in commercial contrasts with the Netherlands that had been protected by the Intercursus Magnus 1496
- Charles V did not like the fact that Edward wanted Mary to abandon her faith
- Improved relations with France made relations deteriorate with the HRE
- Scotland
- Northumberland withdrew remaining English garrisons
- Scottish novles and Protestant lowlanders were becoming hostile to the French
- The fall of Somerset led to the confusion in Scotland
- Northumberland made himself General Warden of the North
- Minor disputes over land needed to be soved
- Robert Bowen ordered to survey the border
- Strongholds in Berwick and Carlisle were reinforced but progress was slow
- France landed troops and supplies in Feb 1551
- This kick started negotiations
- By March 1552 the border was returned to that before Henry VIII's Scottish campaigns
- This kick started negotiations
- France landed troops and supplies in Feb 1551
- Strongholds in Berwick and Carlisle were reinforced but progress was slow
- Robert Bowen ordered to survey the border
- Minor disputes over land needed to be soved
- Northumberland made himself General Warden of the North
- The fall of Somerset led to the confusion in Scotland
- Scottish novles and Protestant lowlanders were becoming hostile to the French
- Northumberland withdrew remaining English garrisons
- Continental Powers
- Worsening relations with Charles V due to Protestantism of the English Church
- When war broke out between Charles V and Henry II that relations began to improve
- Northumberland resisted pressure from France to join the war against the HRE
- Charles V became more relaxed over English trade with the Netherlands
- In June 1552 diplomatic relations were restored between England and the HRE
- When the French invaded the Netherlands, Charles V reminded England that under treaty negotiations it was bound to assist the HRE if the Netherlands was attacked
- Calais was reinforced but England took no active part in the war
- The second part of the ransom for Boulogne was unpaid
- French privateers attacked English shipping
- England could not take military action but the French feared an Anglo Imperial alliance so they did not overly confort England
- In Jan 1553 Northumberland tried to act as a mediator between the 2 countries but it failed
- By June 1553 negotiations had collapsed and hostilities resumed
- In Jan 1553 Northumberland tried to act as a mediator between the 2 countries but it failed
- England could not take military action but the French feared an Anglo Imperial alliance so they did not overly confort England
- French privateers attacked English shipping
- The second part of the ransom for Boulogne was unpaid
- Calais was reinforced but England took no active part in the war
- When the French invaded the Netherlands, Charles V reminded England that under treaty negotiations it was bound to assist the HRE if the Netherlands was attacked
- In June 1552 diplomatic relations were restored between England and the HRE
- Charles V became more relaxed over English trade with the Netherlands
- Northumberland resisted pressure from France to join the war against the HRE
- When war broke out between Charles V and Henry II that relations began to improve
- Worsening relations with Charles V due to Protestantism of the English Church
- 1549
- Fall of Northumberl-and
- The death of Edward VI was the main cause
- He knew Mary's succession would lead to his dismissal and probably his arrest
- A plan was made to omit Mary and Elizabeth from the throne and put Lady Jane Grey, their 17 year old cousin, as the successor
- The Devise was a document drawn up to do this
- This may have been drawn up by Edward but Northumberland arranged the marriage between his son Guilford Dudley and the future Queen Jane
- Many in the Privy Council were reluctant to accept it but gave the assent anyway
- Edward died on July 6th, Jane was proclaimed Queen three days later but her rule lasted 9 days
- Northumberland's fellow councillors deserted him
- Underestimated his depth of unpopularity and the strength of support for Mary
- He was arrested and imprisoned before being executed in August 1553
- Lady Jane Grey was executed in Feb 1554
- He was arrested and imprisoned before being executed in August 1553
- Underestimated his depth of unpopularity and the strength of support for Mary
- Northumberland's fellow councillors deserted him
- Edward died on July 6th, Jane was proclaimed Queen three days later but her rule lasted 9 days
- Many in the Privy Council were reluctant to accept it but gave the assent anyway
- This may have been drawn up by Edward but Northumberland arranged the marriage between his son Guilford Dudley and the future Queen Jane
- The Devise was a document drawn up to do this
- A plan was made to omit Mary and Elizabeth from the throne and put Lady Jane Grey, their 17 year old cousin, as the successor
- Rise to Power
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