Essay Plan Reading Methodologies

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What is the first paragraph?
Eye tracking
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By using eye tracking equipment, what can we do?
We can track their movements as they read each sentence
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What do two things have been found?
Fixations - periods where the eye remains still whilst looking at a word (Average: 250ms), Saccades - jumpy eye movements when we look from one word to the next(6-9 characters) we saccade over smaller words 'and' 'is'
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What was found?
People spend around 85% of the time reading left to right, 15% is spent reading left to right as they reread the line
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In eye tracking experiments what do we have?
An experimental condition who are usually given sentences which do not make logical sense, and a control condition in which the sentences do make logical sense
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What do we do?
Then compare the times spent reading, fixations and saccades to see how reading different between groups
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What measurements are taken while reading?
First fixation - how long people spend looking at a word on their first time, first pass reading: The duration that people look at a single word before they move onto the next, regression path time, total reading time
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Kim and Lombardino (2016)
Investigated the eye movements of dyslexic college students by measuring eye movements. 64 college students with and without dyslexia read simple sentences and answered comprehension questions whilst their eye movements were recorded
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What was found?
Students with dyslexia had longer fixation times and had less efficient scanning movements
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What did they demonstrate?
less efficient eye gaze patterns, concluded that the longer fixations on keywords slower and processing speed accounts for why students with dyslexia find it harder to read
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What are the positives of eyetracking?
see natural behaviour, non intrusive, can see moment by moment reading, so can see what words are easy and what are hard,
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What is the final positive of eye tracking?
Control what participants read so can use gze contingent paradigms - where the text changes as the eye passes through an invisible boundary. Can tell us whether we can process words without looking at them
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What did Shun-Nan investigate?
Whether gaze contingent paradigms affected the duration of the fixations when reading, Participants were given text to read where at certain points the text changed
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What did they find?
When the change occured pps were more likely to have bilateral saccades and this increased the duration it took for them to read the text
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What are the negatives?
Labour intensive, requires training, expensive to run, eye tracking does not tell us where in the brain activation occurs, it tells us when it has occured whilst reading the text
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Gordon, Hendrick, Johnson and Lee (2006)
Readers had difficulty when the syntax of a sentence required them to hold 2 similar noun phrases in working memory before syntactically and semantically intergrating either of the NPs with a verb. Different types of Nps does not have a effect on SP
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However, they used eye tracking, it does not show what?
What brain processes were involved in understanding nouns and sentences
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What is Event related brain potentials?
Measures ERPs through the brain using electrodes
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What happens?
Electrodes are placed on pps scalp and these pick up electrical information, we can link electrodes together to create areas of the brain/scalp
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What are artifacts?
They can occur in the forehead as blinking can cause movements in the electrodes, therefore we use computer technology to flatten out the responses, this gets rid of the artefact
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What can artifacts be caused?
Through body/muscle movements, these include moving the eye itself as it causes static electricity to move through the eye lides these are harder to flatten out
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How do we describe ERP components?
Latency - time after stimulus onset that the effect occurs, polarity - negative or positive effect, scalp distribution: Where the biggest are the effect occurs is
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What Wave forms is language related to?
N400 and P600
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Kutas & Federmeirer (2000)
N400: latency is around 400 ms, polarity is negative, scalp distribution is around the middle of the head
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What is argued?
N400s reflect difficulty in integrating words into context: Sentence incongruity and Discourse incongruity. Also reflects retrieving conceptual representations from semantic memory- Word frequency and repetition
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Horacio et al (2010)
Presented pps sentences word by word and measured ERPs. Found that N400s were higher when the word that followed was contextually incongruent when it matched the sentences
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Kutas and Hillyard:
Found that when the words were incongruous the N400 was higher: sentence they used ‘he spread the warm bread with butter/socks’
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Van Berkum et al
Discourse incongruity- When the word doesn’t match the discourse then N400 is higher: sentence they used: ‘The sister had already washed herself, and the brother had even got dressed. Jane told the brother that he was exceptionally quick/slow’.
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What was the result?
Slow brought about the higher N400
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What is P600s?
Latency is around 600ms, Polarity is positive and Scalp distribution is back of head. It is a syntax-relevant component. Subject-verb agreement (where the verb in the sentence does not fit) or syntactic garden path sentences
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Subject Verb agreement: Hagoort et al (1993)
The spoilt child throws the toy on the ground, created a bigger P600, than when the correct verb was in the sentence (threw)
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Mehravari et al (2017)
used deaf participants whose reading was already limited. They were asked to read various sentences, some that were grammatically incorrect and some that were correct. They found that the incorrect sentences produced the largest P600 responses.
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AdvantageS?
- Non-invasive - Real time measurement of neural activity - Measures can be time locked to the critical events - Different components can reflect different underlying cognitive processes
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Disadvantages
- Unnatural presentation- no ecological validity - Hard to tell exactly where the activity in brain occurs - Artifacts- hard to remove as we need 100s of trials to do this - Labour, expensive, training
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By using eye tracking equipment, what can we do?

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We can track their movements as they read each sentence

Card 3

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What do two things have been found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What was found?

Back

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Card 5

Front

In eye tracking experiments what do we have?

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