information processing and Memory. A2 PE. Chris Turner's class. By Matt H

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  • Information processing and memory.
    • Information processing.
      • Stages of processing.
        • 1.Input
        • 2.Decision making
        • 3.Output
        • 4.Feedback
      • Whitings model
        • 1. Environment.
          • This is the place that the performer is in. it holds all the information needed for the skill to happen.
        • 2.Display
          • This is all the information available to the performer.
        • 3.Input/ Receptor systems
          • This is where the sensory organs pick up all the information.
            • Autditory
            • Sight
            • Proprioception
              • Touch
              • Kinasethesis
              • equilibrium (balance)
        • 4.Perceptual mechanisms.
          • This is where the information from the sensory organs is sorted through to check for its relevance by selective attention.
            • The elite athletes selective attention is very fast. as they can go through DCR (detect compare respond) very fast.
        • 5.Translatory mechanisms
          • This is where the relevant inforation from the environment is compared to the information in the long terrm memory to select the best mtor program perform to get success..
        • 6.Effector mechanisms
          • This is where after the correct motor program has been selected an impulse programming the motor program is sent to the muscles.
        • 7.Muscular system.
          • this is where the electrical impulse has travelled down the motor neuron and has reached the muscle fibre
        • 8.Output
          • The physical movement actually happening.
        • 9.Feedback
          • Where you are told if the movement was successful. So if that motor program should be repeated.
            • This can be internal or external feedback.
    • Memory.
      • Basic model.
        • Sensory organs.
          • Short term sensory store. (STSS)
            • Short term memory. (STM)
              • Long term memory. (LTM)
                • This has an unlimited capacity that holds the information for a life time. It sotres motor programs and can receive and send these programs to and from the STM.
              • this has a smaller capacity(5-9 items) and holds information for 20 seconds. this undergo selective attention,runs motor programs, encodes and decodes information from the LTM.
                • Encodes: images are stored as motor programs in the Ltm.
                • Decodes: this is were motor programs are retrived from the LTM and are broguht into the STM.
            • This memory has a very large capacity but it holds the information for a small volume of time(0.5-1 second). it stores all the information that in collected form the sensory organs.
          • These receptors gather all the display information from the environment.
      • Way to improve Memory.
        • Can
          • Max
            • Run
              • Reinforcement/reward: when a skill is performed offer positive feedback after a successful movement.
            • Mental rehearsal/ imagery: visualising the skill.
          • Chunking: put information in grougs to memories as one, to increase working memory.
        • Also, learning the motor programs quickly make it easier to store them in the LTM.
      • Baddeley and Hitch 1978.
        • Central Executive.
          • The final decision to what is retrieved from the LTM to the STM, it has a limited capacity and controls the other three components so prioritises the information for the working memory by selective attension.
          • Episodic Buffer. (STM)
            • this stores 3/4 chunks/ episodes of information. It allows the working memory components to talk to each other so when they retrieve information from the LTM its it timed and ordered. this is because it also links the STM and LTM
            • Long term Memory.
          • Visuospactail sketchpad.(visual)
            • This temporally stores, visual and spatial information. in addition to the kinasthetic information. it has limited storage, retrieves information from the LTM anc compares it to the information it has stored.
            • Long term Memory.
          • phonological.(auditory)
            • It deals with auditory information that can come from outside or inside (inner voice) the body. it will create a memory trace to send to the LTM to trigger a motor program. if the actions aren't repeated the memory trace will fade and be forgotten.

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