Hazard Earth case studies volcanoes
- Created by: EEC2145
- Created on: 09-03-23 14:36
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- Hazardous Earth
- Indonesia
- Reasons for living there
- Fertile soils
- It is possible to grow 2/3 crops a year here
- Ash from volcanoes have high nutrient contents
- Steep sided slopes of the strato-volcanoes have been terraced so crops can grow
- Tourism
- Mt Bromo on Java
- Kelimutu has coloured mineral lakes on the island of Flores
- Off the beaten track, not mass tourism
- Geothermal power
- Only 3% of their energy comes from geothermal power but plans are set to increase
- 350 MW Sarulla plant opened in 2022
- Source of minerals
- Sulfur is extracted from Ijen volcano
- Very dangerous work as it is extracted by hand with very little protective gear
- Fertile soils
- Impacts
- Fertile lands
- In 2010 Mount Merapi erupted
- Sulfur dioxide was blown over the country, acid rain followed.
- People lost their homes and livelihoods
- Volcanic bombs and hot gases of up to 800°C spread >11km
- 367 died, 277 people were injured
- Ash fell up to 30km away and 5km into the sky
- 15km away villages were under 30cm of ash
- Refugees: 410,000
- VEI: 3-4
- Type: 3000m strato-volcano
- Food prices increased due to damage to crops
- Planes were grounded, not only in Indonesia but also Western Australia (risk of damage to aircraft)
- The rainy season had just started causing lahars
- The spiritual leader known as 'the gateway' advised there would be no eruption and refused to evacuate. He was killed by a pyroclastic flow
- Sulfur dioxide released caused respiratory problems, headaches and high blood pressure
- Reasons for living there
- Japan
- Reasons for living there
- Fertile soils
- Only 13% of the land area is used for the agricultural sector but is used intensively
- Tourism
- Mount Fuji
- Sakurajima has been erupting continuously since mid 1950s
- Its lava flows have become a tourist attraction
- Geothermal power
- 80% of energy reserves are in protected areas
- Small scale power stations since 1960s
- Higher interest after the 2011 tsunami caused a nuclear power plant leak
- Source of minerals
- Sulfur was previously mined at Matsuo (til 1972)
- Fertile soils
- Mount Ontake eruption, 2014
- VEI: 3
- 3000m (strato)
- Phreatic eruption (steam driven meaning no warning).
- Explosion of steam, water, ash and bombs
- Hikers were up the hill at the time
- 63 killed, dozens injured. 200 survivors made emergency descents down the mountain
- 11,000 rescue personnel were utilised
- 20cm of ash covered the mountain, up to 1m in some places
- Ash cloud was poisonous as it contained hydrogen sulfide
- Hundreds of flights, hotel and restaurant reservations were cancelled
- Ski resorts and lodgings were not operational
- A pyroclastic flow reached 3km down the mountain
- Reasons for living there
- Indonesia
- In 2010 Mount Merapi erupted
- Sulfur dioxide was blown over the country, acid rain followed.
- People lost their homes and livelihoods
- Volcanic bombs and hot gases of up to 800°C spread >11km
- 367 died, 277 people were injured
- Ash fell up to 30km away and 5km into the sky
- 15km away villages were under 30cm of ash
- Refugees: 410,000
- VEI: 3-4
- Type: 3000m strato-volcano
- Food prices increased due to damage to crops
- Planes were grounded, not only in Indonesia but also Western Australia (risk of damage to aircraft)
- The rainy season had just started causing lahars
- The spiritual leader known as 'the gateway' advised there would be no eruption and refused to evacuate. He was killed by a pyroclastic flow
- Sulfur dioxide released caused respiratory problems, headaches and high blood pressure
- Environmental impacts
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