Green Revolution
- Created by: Meg Bernardo
- Created on: 01-07-14 06:45
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- Green Revolution
- What?
- renovation of agricultural practices beginning in Mexico in the 1940s
- development of improved strains of rice, wheat, other cereals
- High-yielding varieties of seeds (HYV)
- developed by cross-breeding a broad range of existing cereal strains
- have different valuable traits
- pest resistance
- shorter maturation compared to traditional seeds
- produce an increased amount of grain per hectare planted
- responds to fertilisers
- renovation of agricultural practices beginning in Mexico in the 1940s
- History and Development
- Norman Borlaug
- began research in 1940s Mexico, developed new disease-resistant HYV of wheat
- Mexico
- Norman Borlaug
- began research in 1940s Mexico, developed new disease-resistant HYV of wheat
- Borlaug's new wheat varieties + mechanised agricultural tech = high ^ in wheat production
- 1940s --> importing half its wheat
- 1950s --> self-sufficiency
- 1960s --> exporter of wheat
- 1963 --> established The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, with funds from govt etc
- The GR work conducted by Borlaug and this institution improved agriculture in the world.
- 1963 --> established The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, with funds from govt etc
- 1960s --> exporter of wheat
- 1950s --> self-sufficiency
- Norman Borlaug
- Norman Borlaug
- Advantages
- Environmental
- reduces deforestation
- Crops can thrive in harsh conditions, repsond well to fertiliser
- Farm lands become > efficient
- reducing need to clear more forests
- reduces deforestation
- Crops can thrive in harsh conditions, repsond well to fertiliser
- Farm lands become > efficient
- reducing need to clear more forests
- reducing need to clear more forests
- Farm lands become > efficient
- Crops can thrive in harsh conditions, repsond well to fertiliser
- reduces deforestation
- reducing need to clear more forests
- Farm lands become > efficient
- Crops can thrive in harsh conditions, repsond well to fertiliser
- reduces deforestation
- Social
- High increase in food production -- doubled total world production of rice
- HYVs have shorter maturing period
- Allows double to triple cropping in a year
- E.g. 1980s:
- Luzon, Philippines
- 13% ^
- West Java, Indonesia
- 23% ^
- Luzon, Philippines
- E.g. 1980s:
- Allows double to triple cropping in a year
- HYVs have shorter maturing period
- High increase in food production -- doubled total world production of rice
- Economic
- ^ standard of living
- Higher yields --> higher income
- Farmers can buy > food, seeds, machines, fertilisers, improving farming techniques
- < poverty because farmers enjoy steady source of income
- Farmers can buy > food, seeds, machines, fertilisers, improving farming techniques
- Higher yields --> higher income
- > employment opportunities
- New farming methods + irrigation --> all-year employment. Workers aren't laid off in dry season
- > demand for chem fertilisers
- creation of new industries and jobs
- Poverty and hunger reduced bc of steady income
- creation of new industries and jobs
- ^ standard of living
- Environmental
- Disadvantages
- Environmental
- loss of biodiversity
- monoculture practiced
- water-logged conditions
- over-irrigation
- air and nutrients cannot reach roots
- over-irrigation
- deforestation
- intensive use of cultivated land
- depletion of soil nutrients
- lowered quality of soil and hence productivity
- intense use of chemicals
- land poisoned, microorganisms that promote plant growth killed
- topsoil not productive in the long run
- decline in yield per hectare
- more land cleared to grow > food
- decline in yield per hectare
- topsoil not productive in the long run
- land poisoned, microorganisms that promote plant growth killed
- intense use of chemicals
- lowered quality of soil and hence productivity
- depletion of soil nutrients
- intensive use of cultivated land
- loss of biodiversity
- Social
- Problem with HYVs
- Monoculture ^ susceptibility of rice crops to pests and diseases
- All crops destroyed when a pest or disease attacks
- Hunger and poverty for farmers
- ^ in farmers' income unsustainable bc ^ cost of chemicals
- Hunger and poverty for farmers
- All crops destroyed when a pest or disease attacks
- Monoculture ^ susceptibility of rice crops to pests and diseases
- ^ social disparity
- Rich farmers
- Get richer with GR bc ^ output
- monopoly of control by agribusiness chains
- poor farmers
- cannot afford HYVs, other input costs
- output is low, have to sell produce at low cost to compete with rich farmers
- cannot afford HYVs, other input costs
- Economic
- ^ cost of production
- technology used expensive
- harvested seeds cannot be resown
- technology used expensive
- unemployment
- use of machineries
- loss of jobs for some farmers
- migrate to cities in search of jobs
- end up living in slums :(
- migrate to cities in search of jobs
- loss of jobs for some farmers
- use of machineries
- ^ cost of production
- Rich farmers
- Problem with HYVs
- Economic
- ^ cost of production
- technology used expensive
- harvested seeds cannot be resown
- technology used expensive
- unemployment
- use of machineries
- loss of jobs for some farmers
- migrate to cities in search of jobs
- end up living in slums :(
- migrate to cities in search of jobs
- loss of jobs for some farmers
- use of machineries
- ^ cost of production
- Environmental
- What?
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