European bronze age
- Created by: Canar
- Created on: 10-04-16 12:08
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- European bronze age
- Religion and ritual
- Whole corpses interred under barrows
- Shift from long barrows to round barrows
- Each barrow has a single crouched inhumation
- Can be in a graveyard of barrows
- Usually clustered together and away from inhabited areas.
- Body laid on chalk surface then covered with soil
- Usually in flexed (foetal) posiition
- Bush barrow
- West Cotton
- Some evidence of partial excarnation before burial
- Usually in flexed (foetal) posiition
- Shift from community to social stratification?
- Important individual being buried?
- Time period typified by masses of barrows with rich grave goods
- Could indicate settled life
- Link between site and ancestors-tribal authority?
- Often crop up around older sites
- Thornborough henges have barrows nearby
- Stone ceremonial 'battleaxes'
- Imported halberds, pins
- Amber
- faience (fine tin glazed pottery)
- Rillaton gold cup
- Rillaton barrow
- Round barrow located in Cornwall
- Eastern part of Bodmin moor
- Centrally placed inhumation
- Remains placed in stone cist roughly 2m by 1m
- Variety of grave goods including gold cup, a bronze dagger, beads, pottery, glass and other items
- 25m wide barrow
- Round barrow located in Cornwall
- Biconical (two cones placed together apex to apex)
- 90mm high
- Handle attached with rivets
- Resembles late Neolithic ceramic designs
- similar Ringlemere cup found in 2007-Corded design also.
- Suggested that cup shows Aegean influence due to similar finds at Mycenae
- Cultural and trading links to Eastern mediterranean
- c.1700BC
- May have been buried long after it was made
- Votive offering
- May have been buried long after it was made
- Round bottomed and unable to stand up
- Rillaton barrow
- Rillaton gold cup
- faience (fine tin glazed pottery)
- Amber
- Imported halberds, pins
- Grave goods differ depeding oon gender
- Males
- Arrowheads, daggers, wristguards, pyrites and strike-a lights
- Representative of society? (be careful not to jump to conclusions due to preconceived ideas)
- Arrowheads, daggers, wristguards, pyrites and strike-a lights
- Females
- Flint knives, bronze awls/pins and shale beads
- Males
- Time period typified by masses of barrows with rich grave goods
- Important individual being buried?
- Can be in a graveyard of barrows
- Still some chambered tombs but few and far between.
- Time period typified by masses of barrows with rich grave goods
- Could indicate settled life
- Link between site and ancestors-tribal authority?
- Often crop up around older sites
- Thornborough henges have barrows nearby
- Stone ceremonial 'battleaxes'
- Imported halberds, pins
- Amber
- faience (fine tin glazed pottery)
- Rillaton gold cup
- Rillaton barrow
- Round barrow located in Cornwall
- Eastern part of Bodmin moor
- Centrally placed inhumation
- Remains placed in stone cist roughly 2m by 1m
- Variety of grave goods including gold cup, a bronze dagger, beads, pottery, glass and other items
- 25m wide barrow
- Round barrow located in Cornwall
- Biconical (two cones placed together apex to apex)
- 90mm high
- Handle attached with rivets
- Resembles late Neolithic ceramic designs
- similar Ringlemere cup found in 2007-Corded design also.
- Suggested that cup shows Aegean influence due to similar finds at Mycenae
- Cultural and trading links to Eastern mediterranean
- c.1700BC
- May have been buried long after it was made
- Votive offering
- May have been buried long after it was made
- Round bottomed and unable to stand up
- Rillaton barrow
- Rillaton gold cup
- faience (fine tin glazed pottery)
- Amber
- Imported halberds, pins
- Each barrow has a single crouched inhumation
- Shift from long barrows to round barrows
- In far North and West passage graves continued unaffected by beaker people
- Still some chambered tombs but few and far between.
- Clava Cairns
- Inverness
- Normally only contained one or two remains though so still shifting idea from community
- Also no eveidence of visitations at later dates
- Unlike West Kennet in Neolithic
- Now blocked off in Bronze age
- Shifting beliefs?
- Now blocked off in Bronze age
- Unlike West Kennet in Neolithic
- Also no eveidence of visitations at later dates
- Collection of 3 groups of chambered tombs sub-divided into two classes
- One consiting of corbelled passage grave similar to Newgrange (Neolithic) in Ireland
- Orientation to SW towards midwinter solstice
- Covered by cairn of stones
- Second type consists of annular ring cairn enclosing a seemingly open roofed area with no formal means of access
- Height of standing stones vary
- Sometimes tallest fringe entrances if present and shortest directly opposite it.
- One consiting of corbelled passage grave similar to Newgrange (Neolithic) in Ireland
- Orientation to SW towards midwinter solstice
- Covered by cairn of stones
- One consiting of corbelled passage grave similar to Newgrange (Neolithic) in Ireland
- Sometimes tallest fringe entrances if present and shortest directly opposite it.
- Height of standing stones vary
- Both types have a stone circle surrounding whole tomb and stone kerb surrounds cairn
- One consiting of corbelled passage grave similar to Newgrange (Neolithic) in Ireland
- Arrival of metal
- Impacts
- More trade
- Areas without metal came under threat
- What they had to offer no longer as valuable
- Therefore had to make surplus in order to obatin metal
- Needed to get metal to keep up with times
- Otherwise they could have become obsolete and been taken over by other tribes.
- Needed to get metal to keep up with times
- Therefore had to make surplus in order to obatin metal
- What they had to offer no longer as valuable
- Areas without metal came under threat
- More cross-cultural contact in order to obtain metals and share knowledge
- More trade
- Areas without metal came under threat
- What they had to offer no longer as valuable
- Therefore had to make surplus in order to obatin metal
- Needed to get metal to keep up with times
- Otherwise they could have become obsolete and been taken over by other tribes.
- Needed to get metal to keep up with times
- Therefore had to make surplus in order to obatin metal
- What they had to offer no longer as valuable
- Areas without metal came under threat
- More trade
- More variety of ritual to be expected
- Suddenly new objects available
- If person can work metals and take an ore and make jewellery out of it for example could have been seen as a shamanisitc figure
- One of the theories surounding Oetiz the ice man (2nd theory proposed)
- Might have been expected to perform other magical feats
- One of the theories surounding Oetiz the ice man (2nd theory proposed)
- Become travelling metal workers?
- Might have been expected to perform other magical feats
- More cross-cultural contact in order to obtain metals and share knowledge
- Might have been expected to perform other magical feats
- More trade
- Impacts
- Can cultures and people be identified through burial practices?
- Idea of beaker people
- Disputed amongst archaeologists
- Invasion of this bell beaker burial culture into Europe
- Beaker culture
- Based on type of pot
- Speculated by Gordon Chile whether they were beer vessels.
- Associated with alcholic usage and possible cannabis usage
- Hemp could have created corded impressions on some of the pots
- Associated with alcholic usage and possible cannabis usage
- Bell beaker
- S England
- Long necked
- Short necked
- N.E England and Scotland
- Speculated by Gordon Chile whether they were beer vessels.
- Begins c.2500BC.
- Dominant by c.2250BC
- Dying out by c.2000BC
- Dominant by c.2250BC
- Inhumated with beakers-either in barrows or in ground
- Grave goods also prominant
- Based on type of pot
- Diffusionism VS Indigenous production VS accumulation
- Hard to identify what really happened
- Recallibrated C14 dates using dendrochronology widened time range
- Therefore idea of cultural change rather than invasion now more plausible
- Invasion of this bell beaker burial culture into Europe
- Therefore idea of cultural change rather than invasion now more plausible
- Idea of beaker people
- Whole corpses interred under barrows
- Raundway, Wiltshire
- Amesbury Archer
- Religion and ritual
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