Culture and Identity
- Created by: sevvalozlem
- Created on: 03-11-17 12:43
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- Culture and Identity
- Socialisation
- Primary socialisation- comes first. Early childhood individuals learn skills, knowledge, norms and values of society.
- Secondary Socialisation- Build on primary socialisation. Comes from: education, peer groups, religion, the media, the workplace etc.
- Functionalism: Process positive, whereby individuals learn shared norms and values around them. Durkheim argues it ensures a 'Collective Conscience' within society. Parsons AGREES with Durkheim, and argues socialisation ensures a VALUE CONSENSUS. Members of society INTERNALISE norms and values, making SOCIAL ORDER POSSIBLE.
- Marxism: The process of socialisation NEGATIVE, process whereby individuals learn the norms and values of R/C. Form of SOCIAL CONTROL
- Feminism: Socialisation- NEGATIVE. Process whereby individuals learn GENDER ROLES, females are socialised into a PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY.
- Oakley: differentiated gender roles for males and females arise from culture not biology. Although variation- clear pattern of male dominance.
- Interactionism: Handel- individuals active during socialisation process, children do not blindly accept the norms and values they are socialised into.
- Identity
- Mead- identity created by individuals two sides: 'I' and 'ME'. 'ME'- socialised aspect of the individual. 'I'- identity based on a response to the 'ME'. 'I' & 'ME' work together to enable function in society.
- Cooley- ID developed through 'looking glass self'. Idea that an image of ourselves reflected in reactions of others to us. Modify and change our behaviour as individuals consider this. Therefore ID socially constructed.
- Goffman- dramaturgical model. Like actors we present images to others and act like we wish to be seen. We use props or symbols to present these images. Society divided into 'front stage' and 'back stage'. We act differently on each stage.
- Culture
- Folk Culture
- habits and customs of traditional rural communities
- Mass/Low culture
- an inferior quality culture. Often in contrast to high culture and associated with those from a lower socio-economic group.
- High Culture
- culture that is seen to have an artistic and/or intellectual merit which is highly valued in society
- Popular Culture
- commercially produced and includes objects, images, artefacts, literature and music of ordinary people.
- Functionalism: Durkheim- shared culture necessary for smooth running of society. People must conform to the culture of their society to avoid risk of punishment. Parsons- allows people to communicate and wok towards shared goals.
- Folk Culture
- Subcultures
- Marxism: Hall & Jefferson- punks, teddy boys, skinheads, reaction to the dominant class and culture of society. Cohen: w/c subcultures- means of re-establishing community due to break up of traditional w/c communities because of unemployment.
- Functionalism: Eisenstadt and Parsons- a way of dealing with status frustration. Normal and transitional stage from childhood to adulthood.
- Feminism: female participation in subculture ignore. McRobbie and Garber found that female subcultures took form of 'bedroom culture'- focused on activities such as listening and discussing music, make-up, boys, dance, books etc.
- Nationality
- Sources: common history, cultural events, national symbols common language etc.
- Not important: globalisation- eroding traditional values and customs
- Is important: BBC Easton (2013)- young people more likely to define themselves as 'British' than their parents - concludes- present in 21st Century.
- Class
- Clarke and Saunders- class is fragmented- replaces by a whole range of influences.
- Postmodernist - identity fluid and changeable, 'pick and mix', class is another meta-narrative
- Consumption important factor in today's society, influenced by social position.
- Socialisation
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