Challenges up until 1914 (5)

Created by: MonsurAli
Created on: 15-06-17 09:11

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Challenges up until 1914
- Suffragettes
  - Obstacles to enfranchisement:
    - Party leaders were half-hearted or opposed issue. No one knew the effect it would have.
    - Many men could not vote (40%).
    - Many other issues and reforms on Liberals minds.
    - Belief that women had a different function in society; not all women supported the cause.
  - Movements
    - NUWSS by Milicent Fawcett. Non-violent, and by 1914 had 500,000 members with 400 societies.
    - 1903: due to frustration, Emmeline Pankhurst with her two daughters created WPSU. Became increasingly violent due no Liberal cooperation.
  - 1906-08
    - Liberal opened hopes for the vote. But as soon as it became disapparent, WSPU took action. Intervened in House of Commons debates, deliberately confronted authorities, and chained themselves to Downing Street. Commons were constantly rejecting bills
  - 1908-10
    - With Asquith in power there was little hope. Hunger strikes (Cat and Mouse Act tackled this), stone throwing and deliberate actions to get arrested. Many arson attacks.
  - 1910-14
    - After Jan 1910 election there was hopes for a Conciliation bill; so WSPU called a truce. However Asquith opposes it; causes Black Friday 1910. This where Ellen Pitfield was killed. Plus in 1913 Emily Davison dies from King's horses creating a political demonstration
- Home rule
  - Dec 1910 - the Liberals were dependent on 84 Irish Nationalists's seats to have power. With the Parliament Bill passed it was possible for Home Rule to be achieved.
  - 1912: 3rd Home Rule Bill issued; they would have their own parliament but still had to send over MP's to Westminster.
  - Conservatives opposed this as they feared it would undermine the empire by breaking it. Plus the Conservatives did not want to lose profitable industries in Northern Ireland. Thus they supported the Ulster Unionists (North).
    - The Unionists feared discrimination in a Catholic dominated country, with growing emphasis on Gaelic heritage.
    - Ulster was rich/industrial and successful and they did not want to be part of a 'poor' Ireland; they were focused on agriculture.
  - The Ulster Unionists needed to resist Home Rule since HoL Veto power is gone. Carson Ulster Solemn League & Covenant 1912 (against the 3rd Home Rule Bill). Some signed it in their blood.
    - Irish Nationalists formed Irish Volunteers to fight for Home Rule.
  - 1913 - Home Rule bill passed by the Commons but held up at HoL. Ulster Volunteer Force created (10k men) to fight against all-Irish Parliament.
  - Carson's supporters smuggle in 30,000 and 3 million rounds. Bonar Law supported this.
    - Curragh Mutiny - British soldiers disobeyed orders to fight the Ulster Unionists.
      - Bill was due to become law in 2 years, but it was all averted when outbreak of the war.
- Industrial unrest
  - Reasons for unrest
    - 1912 - Cost of living was 14% higher than 1906. Gap between rich and poor increasing. Also more education meant more awareness of poverty.
    - From 1910 fall in employment which lead to more confronting.
    - Trades Disputes 1906 - Unions were liable for losses due to strikes. Unions joined together e.g. Miners' Federation.
    - Labour party did not fulfill legislations to help working class. So workers took a more direct method.
    - Growing syndicalism created an option for hostility; Even though many were not appealed by it.
  - Events
    - 1910: Miners' strikes - 1 man killed in Tonypandy, two in Llanelli
      - 1911: Dockers' strike; 3 killed and also national rail strike
        1912: National coal miners' strike
        1913: Trade Union Act reverses Osbourne judgement. Transport strike killed 2 in Dublin
        1914: Triple alliance created between dockers, miners and railwaymen.

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Challenges up until 1914 (5)

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