german economy old and nw industries 1871-1914

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  • Created by: katied04
  • Created on: 01-04-22 12:54
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  • 1871-1914 old and new industries
    • pre 1871
      • First stage of industrial revolution Based on textiles, coal, iron, steel and railways.
    • From 1890
      • rebounding off the first stage of the industrial revolution came the second stage - development of industries which used advanced tech (electricals, motor, chemicals, machinery)
      • coal production = 89 milly tonne in 1890, 1910 222 milly tonne (46 less than uk)
      • Transport system retained a similar growth; length of railway network grew from 41.8k-63k by 1913.
        • german merchant marine grew to 3 times of the us, only 1/4 of british.
      • Natural resources-Germanys abundant reserves of coal and potash was the base of chemical products. germany produced more than 3/4 of worlds chemical dyes.
        • education - german scientists discovered a number of chemical processes. 1878. 1 milly tones of sulphuric acid produced. 1907, germany made 1.407 milly tones
      • Driven by wilhems 2 desire for the prestige derived from weltpolitik
    • agriculture
      • 35% of population still employed in agriculturwe in 1907 despite rapid industrialisation
      • Estates of junkers in the east produced rye and beet (for sugar, distilled alcohol) peasant holdings= cereal, fruit, veg.
      • 4 million acres of virgin land was tilled. yields and output rose to meet demands of a growing and urbanised population.
      • Agricultural success came at a price- needed to be protected with tariffs . extended from 1879
        • Tariffs lowered under caprivi in the 1890s, and rose under bulow in 1902.
          • remained until the war - but helped farmers by preventing cheap russian and american grain from flooding the german market. kept food prices artificially high
      • CHALLENGES- synthetic food emergence changed traditional farming practices. costs rose and rural labour supply fell. rural debt increased. new products became more esswential (ferilisers)
    • Trade and wealth
      • Industry grew and so did overseas trade.
      • germany sold chemicals, metal goods, machinery, textiles and coal. helped to pay for imports of food, raqw materials and some types fo manufactured goods.
      • 1913, imperial germany was one of the major trading and exporting nations of the world
        • volume of exports v imports grew four fold between 1880 and 1913.
    • Free trade v protectionism
      • 1870, germany strong enough to withstan foreign competition. policy of free trade.
        • after years of slower growth, demands for protection from junker agricultural interest and the german manufacturer. 1878, Central Association of German manufacturers formed.
          • formed tariffs in 1879 tanks to this alliane of steel and rye.
      • 1890, caprivi negotiated trade treaties with russia, austria and romania. to the distaste of 1893 agrarian league and the conservaives.
        • agreed to lower agricultural tariffs, in return of a reduction of those countries tariffs for industrial goods.
          • temporarily ruptured the alliance of farmers and manufacturers. caprivi dismissed 1894. rift healed, and high tariffs on industrial and agricultural importants remained until 1914.
      • Pressure groups emerged. industrialists league in 1895, imperial league in 1904. from 1911, 'imperial german mittelstand confederation'.
  • Electrical industry grew most in the rhine area, generators could be powered by the waste gases from the steel works.
    • by 1913, germany controlled half the worlds trade in electricals.
      • electrical enegry production between 1901-1915 increased 150%
  • 1890, german was buying nearly £200 million worth of foreign goods and selling £153 million worth.
    • 1913, imports went from £526 million, exports £495 Million
      • Although in 1913 there was a slight trade gap, the difference was easily made up by the invisibles. (money earned though foreign investment, worth over £1000 million).
        • 60% of german exports went to britain france and russia.

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