virology

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 16-04-19 12:22
viruses are obligate parasites, what does this mean
they have a lack of protein synthesizing agents, and are unable to serve outside a living host cell
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what are the 3 structural components
nucleic acid, capsid, envelope
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what is nucleic acid
DNA/RNA
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what is a capsid
protein coat with protects nucleic acid and provides attachment sites - glycoprotein spikes
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what is the envelope
lipoprotein bilayer
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how does the structure affect survivability
enveloped viruses are unstable in environment, non-enveloped are reasonable stable
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*** does the structure affect sensitivity to disinfectants
non enveloped viruses may be resistant to alchol e.g. calicivirus
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how does the structure affect immune response
if antigens are variable it will not have as good a response
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how does a viral infection occur
gains entry to body, replicates at site of energy, spread either locally or systemically, replicated at target organ causing cell damage, clinical sings
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how doe virus replication occur
virus binds to target cell membrane receptors, fusion of host cell membrane and viral envelope, virus enters host cell and releases nuclei acid, viral NS replicated in hosts nucleus and directs viral protein production, assembly of new viruses, host
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...
cell membrane ruptures and releases viruses = lytic cycle
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what is the treatment and recovery of a viral infection
usually up to amuse system, antibiotics may be used if secondary bacterial infection, supportive treatment, some antiviral drugs repent replication or attatchment
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why may recovery fail
significant cell loss in organ causing necrosis, immune complex disease, immunosuppression, latency - virus lies dormant, secondary bacterial infections
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what are the 5 viral diseases of dogs
canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, infectious canine hepatitis/canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, rabies/rhabdovirus
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what is canine parvovirus
DNA virus, extremely resilient
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how is canine parvovirus transmitted
faeco-oral route, direct/in-direct contact
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pathogenesis of canine parvovirus transmitted
kills rapidly divings cells-intestinal crypt cells, bone marrow and lymphopoetic tissue
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diagnosis of viral diseases of dogs
faecal antigen ELISA
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treatment of canine parvovirus
supportive, inferon, prevention - vaccination
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what is canine distemper virus
paramyxovirus, RNA virus, enveloped, helical, can survive cold temps, inactivated by heat/light
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pathogenesis of canine distemper virus
initial replication in respiratory tract lymph nodes, viremia - inferno of respiratory tract, GI, urgenital epithelium, lymphopaenia
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transmission of canine distemper virus
inhalation of aerosol, through mms/close contact
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clinical signs of canine distemper virus
biphasic fever, coughing, nasal discharge, anorexia, V/D, depressed, seizures, paralysis, hard skin pads,
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diagnosis of canine distemper virus
usually post mortem, virus isolation, PCR,
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what is infectious canine hepatitis/canine adenovirus
DNA, icosohedral capsid, very resilient - can serve freezing and most disinfectants
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pathogenesis of canine hepatitis
4-9 day incubation period, initial replicaton in tonsils and payer's patches, targets vascular endothelial cells, hepatic and renal parenchyma, immune complex formation and leucopaenia, recovered dogs may shed in urine for 6 mnths
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clinical signs of canine hepatitis
milde fever to death, corneal edema (blue eye), coagulopathies and hemorrhage, hepatitis
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diagnosis of canine hepatitis
antibody ELISA, PCR, immunofluorescence on liver tissue
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what is canine parainfluenza virus
mild diseaase, may be part of kennel cough
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transmission of canine parainfluenza virus
aerosol, worse in crowds, droughty, humid conditions
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clinical sings of canine parainfluenza virus
5-10 days incubation, mild UR signs - sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, shed for up to two weeks
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diagnosis of canine parainfluenza virus
serology, PCR from pharyngeal swab
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what is rabies
bullet shaped RNA virus, Ryssaviruses
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pathogenesis of rabies
virus travel through peripheral nerves from bite site to spinal cord then brain, travels form brain to salivary glands, were intermittently shed, haematogene spread does not occur
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clinical signs of rabies
mad dog syndrome - aggression, anxiety or paralytic, paralysis of throat
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diagnosis of rabies
post mortem, PCR or viral isolation from saliva
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what are the 6 viral disease of cats
feline infectious enteritis/feline panleukopaenia virus (FPLV), feline herpesvirus, feline calcivirus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency viruses, feline infectious peritonitis/feline coronavirus,
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what is feline infectious enteritis/feline panleukopaenia virus (FPLV)
DNA, non-enveloped (feline parvo)
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pathogenesis of feline panleukopaenia virus
kills rapidly diving cells - intestinal crypt cells, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue
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transmission of feline panleukopaenia virus
salival, faeces, vomit, urine, transplacenteal
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clinical signs of feline panleukopaenia virus
depression, anorexia, fever, vomiting, cerebellar hypoplasia if transplacenteal transmissio
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diagnosis of feline panlekopaenia virus
ELISA on faeces
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what is feline herpes virus
DNA, enveloped virus, a cause of cat flu (feline URT disease)
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pathogenesis of feline herpes virus
replicates in oronasal mucosa and conjunctiva, infectious often dormant in nerve cells
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transmission of feline herpes virus
saliva, ocular discharge, aerosol, fomites
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clinical sings of feline herpes virus
nasal discharge, sneezing, ocular discharge +/- eye ulcers, pyrexia, anorexia
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diagnosis of feline herpes virus
oral/ocular swab fro virus, isolation or PCR
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what is feline calicivirus
RNA, many different strains and mutates readily, a cause of cat flu
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pathogenesis fo feline calicivirus
replicates in respiratory epithelium, oral mucosa and conjunctiva, virulent strains may cause systemic infection and pneumonia
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transmission of feline calcivirus
saliva/ocular discharge, aerosol/fomites
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clinical sings of feline calcivirus
nasal discharge/sneezing, pyrexia/anorexia,stomatitis, arthritis, pneumonia
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diagnosis of feline calicivirus
ocular/oral swab
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what is feline leukemia virus
RNA retrovirus, enveloped, oncovirus (causes cancer)
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pathogenesis of feline leukemia virus
replicates within oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue, carried in mononuclear cells to spleen, epithelial cells of intestine and bladder, salivary cells and bone marrow, oncogenesis occurs when FELV inserts into host genome
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transmission of FELV
saliva, close prolonged contact, blood bourne, sexually transmitted, transplacenteal
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clinical signs of FELV
pyrexia, lethargy, mild cytopenia, immunosuppression
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diagnosis of FELV
antigen ELISA, PCR
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what is feline immunodeficiency virus
RNA retrovirus, enveloped
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pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus
targets lymphoid tissue, replicated in T cells, causes immunosupression
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transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus
saliva - usually cat bites, more common in entire males
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clinical signs of feline immunodeficiency virus
pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, gingivitis, D, weightloss, neoplasia
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diagnosis of feline imunodefihifcy virus
ELISA or western blot, PCR
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what is feline infectious peritonitis/ feline coronavirus
enveloped RNA virus
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pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis
replicates within intestinal epithelium, immune complexes cause granulomatous inflammation or vasculitis
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transmission of feline infectious peritonitis
face-oral, more common in pedigree cats
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clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis
acute infection may go unnoticed, often mild D, chronic infection - weight loss, abdominal effusions, neurological signs
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diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis
PCR on effusions, histology of expiatory laparotomy, serum protein electrophoresis
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what are the two viral diseases of rabbits
myxomatosis, myxoma virus, viral hemorrhagic disease , calci virus
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what is myxomatosis
enveloped DNA virus, can survive in fleas for months
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pathogenesis of myxomatosis
viral manipulation in skin at site of inoculation, spread to regional lymph nodes the cell associated viremia, generalized spread to skin and internal organs, affects lymphocytes causing immunosupression
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transmission of myxomatosis
insect bites, direct contact
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clinical sings of myxomatosis
oedema of head, eyelids an genitals, ocular and nasal discharge, pyrexia, depression and anorexia
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what is viral hemorrhagic disease
RNA, non enveloped, resistance in environment for upto 3 mnt
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pathogenesis of VHD
viremia leading to hepatic necrosis, enteritis, then sever coagulopathy and hemorrhages in organs
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transmission of VHD
inhalation, face-oral, fomites, vectors
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clinical signs of VHD
peracute- sudden death, blood from nose and mouth, dyspnoea, convulsions
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what are the 3 structural components

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nucleic acid, capsid, envelope

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what is nucleic acid

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what is a capsid

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what is the envelope

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