Flattened, biconcave - increases their SA to V ratio. This is essential to their role of transporting oxygen around the body. They do not have a nuclei or many other organelles - increases space for haemoglobin. Flexible to travel through capillaries
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Animal - Neutrophils
Essential role in immune system. Characteristic multi-lobed nucleus which makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps to get to site of infection. Granular cytoplasm contains lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens.
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Animal - Sperm cells
Male gametes. Deliver genetic information to female gamete, the ovum. Tail/ flagellum - capable of movement, contain many mitochondria to supply energy. Acrosome on head releases digestive enzymes - digest protective layers, allows sperm to penetrate
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Plant - Palisade cells
Present in mesophyll. Contain chloroplasts (able to move) - absorbs light for photosynthesis. Rectangular box shapes, closely packed - continuous layer. Thin cell walls, increased rate of diffusion of CO2. Large vacuole - maintain turgor pressure.
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Plant - Root hair cells
Present at surface of roots near growing tips. Long extensions - root hairs which increase surface area of cell. Maximises uptake of water and minerals from the soil.
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Plant - Pairs of guard cells
On surface of leaves - form openings called stomata. Allow CO2 to enter plants - photosynthesis. When lose water, and become less swollen (osmotic forces) - change shape and stoma closes. Cell wall thicker on one side- can't change shape symetrically
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Animal tissue - Squamous epithelium
specialised squamous epithelial cells - pavement epithelium (flat appearance). Thin - one cell thick. Present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential. Forms lining of lungs - rapid diffusion of oxygen into blood
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Animal tissue - Ciliated epithelium
Ciliated epithelial cells - 'hair-like' structure (cilia) on surface, rhythmic manner. Tissue lines trachea - causing mucus to be swept away from lungs. Goblet cells - release mucus to, traps harmful particles preventing them reaching aveoli in lungs
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Animal tissue - Cartilage
Connective tissue - ear, nose, bones (end and between). Fibres of proteins collagen and elastin. Firm, flexible, composed of chrondrocyte cells embedded in extracelluar matrix. Prevents ends rubbing and causing damage. Many fish - skeleton cartilage.
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Animal tissue - Muscle
Needs to shorten in length to be able to move bones. Skeletal muscle fibres (attached to bones) contain myofibrils which contain contractile proteins. Individual fibres can be seperated by connective tissue.
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Plant tissue - Epidermis
Single layer of closely packed cells covering surafe of plants. Usually covered by waxy, waterproof cuticle- prevents water loss. Stomata (pair of guard cells) are present in epidermis. Allow CO2 in and out and water vapour and oxygen in and out.
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Plant tissue - Xylem tissue
Vascular tissue responsible for transport of water and minerals. Composed of vessel elements - elongated dead cells. Walls are strengthened with waterproof material (lignin) - provides structural support.
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Plant tissue - Phloem tissue
another vascular tissue responsible for transport of organic nutrients - sucrose - from leaves and stems where its made by photosynthesis. Composed of columns of seive tube cells seperated by perforated walls - seive plates.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Essential role in immune system. Characteristic multi-lobed nucleus which makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps to get to site of infection. Granular cytoplasm contains lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens.
Back
Animal - Neutrophils
Card 3
Front
Male gametes. Deliver genetic information to female gamete, the ovum. Tail/ flagellum - capable of movement, contain many mitochondria to supply energy. Acrosome on head releases digestive enzymes - digest protective layers, allows sperm to penetrate
Back
Card 4
Front
Present in mesophyll. Contain chloroplasts (able to move) - absorbs light for photosynthesis. Rectangular box shapes, closely packed - continuous layer. Thin cell walls, increased rate of diffusion of CO2. Large vacuole - maintain turgor pressure.
Back
Card 5
Front
Present at surface of roots near growing tips. Long extensions - root hairs which increase surface area of cell. Maximises uptake of water and minerals from the soil.
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