Organelles and Functions

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  • Created by: anna.lamb
  • Created on: 06-02-17 14:48
What is a cell and distinguish the 2 types.
The basic unit for all living things - prokaryotic: single-celled organisms with a simple structure of just cytoplasm. Eukaryotic: much more complex internal structure, containing a membrane-bound nucleus and cystoplasm with many cellular components.
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What is the role of the membrane?
Its partially permeable and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell and organelles. They're effective barriers but they are fragile.
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What is the nucleus?
Its an organelle - contains coded genetic information in the form of DNA molecules.
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What does the DNA/nucleus do in the cell?
DNA directs the synthesis of all proteins required by the cell, so it controls the metabolic activities of the cell - many of these proteins are enzymes.
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What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that contains the DNA to protect it from damage in the cytoplasm. It contains nuclear pores that allow molecules to move into and out of nucleus.
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How are chromosomes formed?
DNA associates with proteins - histones - to form a complex called chromatin. Chromatin then coils and condenses to form structures known as chromosomes - visible when cells prepared to divide.
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What is the nucleolus?
An area within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes. Composed of proteins and RNA. RNA is used to produce rRNA which is then combined with proteins to form ribosomes for protein synthesis.
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What are mitochondria structure?
Mitochondria have a double membrane. The inner membrane s highly folded to form structures called cristae and fluid interior is called the matrix. The membrane forming the cristae contains enzymes used in aerobic respiration(contain small amt of DNA)
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What is mitochondria?
Site of final stages of cellular respiration where energy stored in bonds of complex, organic molecules is made avaliable for the cell to use by production of molecule ATP.
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What is a vesicle?
Membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles. They consist of a single membrane with fluid inside, used to transport materials inside the cell.
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Whats a lysosome?
Specialised forms of vvesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Responsible for breaking down waste material in cells, incl. old organelles. Important in immune system - break down pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells. Also role in apoptosis.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
Present throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of a cell. Holds organelles in place, controls cell movement and movement of organelles within cell.
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What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments - contractile fibres formed from actin: responsible fpr cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis. Microtubules - globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes: scaffold-like structure that determines shape of cell.
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(Cont answer for 3 components of cytoskeleton)
Intermediate fibres - give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity.
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What are centrioles?
A component of the cytoskeleton present in most eukaryotic cells. Composed of microtubules - two associated centrioles = centrosome involved in assembly + organisation of spindle fibres during cell division.
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What is flagella? (Give an example of where it is used)
Whip-like. used primarily to enable cells motility - in some cells used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in cells environment. (e.g.sperm cell)
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What is cilia? (Example)
Hair-like. Can be mobile or stationary, beat in rhythmic manner creating a current, cause things adjacent to cell to move. (e.g in Trachea)
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Card 2

Front

What is the role of the membrane?

Back

Its partially permeable and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell and organelles. They're effective barriers but they are fragile.

Card 3

Front

What is the nucleus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the DNA/nucleus do in the cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the nuclear envelope?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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