How many distinct chemoreceptors are/basic tastes?
5
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Is there evidence suggesting lateralisation of the tongue?
Yes, but not clearly defined
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What makes a supertaster different from a normal taster?
Different genes for chemical receptors, different number of taste buds (papillae)
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What do newborn studies of taste suggest?
Hardwired affect from newborn facial expressions to basic tastes
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What affects liking of chilli peppers?
Number of papillae and social influences
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Odorous molecules are typically?
Small, volatile and hydrophobic
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When you smell a gas leak what are you actually smelling?
Butyl mercaptan
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What is seen as the most odorous molecule in the world?
Methane
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What is the flow of air through your nose disrupted by?
Turbinates
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What do turbinates do?
Force air flow against epithelium
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The olfactory cleft...?
Covered in mucus and is fragile
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Olfactory cilia...?
Part of the olfactory sensory neuron, each OSN has a single type of odor receptor.
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How long is the cycle time of the nose during which different nostrils have different smell rates and types?
3 hours
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Approximately how many OSN are there in your head?
5 million
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When does the OSN fire?
When about 8 of its binding sites are filled
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Where do OSNs send their signal to?
Olfactory bulb
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If the cribiform plate is pushed backward...?
OSN axons will be sheared and you will be anosmic
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Each OSN...?
Expresses just one type of receptor
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Where do OSN axons project to?
Glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
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Each glomerus receives input expressing...?
The same surface receptor
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How many seperate olfactory receptor genes are there?
1000 but 60-70% of these are pseudogenes in humans
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What is the core concept of shape theory?
Receptor specificity is based on molecular structure. Oderants must have the right shape to activate the receptor, there is a certain receptor for each molecule
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What is the core concept of vibration theory?
Molecules with the same IR vibrational spectrum should smell similar, same shape diff vibrations smell different. Bond energies determine activation level
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What is the core concept of swpiecard theory?
A two-stage theory. Molecules must be the right shape to bond to receptor sites but bond energies determine final activation level.
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How do we smell odors composed of more than one molecule?
Glomeruli projections overlap in olfactory cortex and individual cortical neurons receive input from multiple glomeruli. The response pattern is associated with the object
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Does the VNO function in adult humans?
No, anatomical structure is degenerate and pseudogenes dominate
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What does the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found in both mice and humans seem to affect?
Mate choice
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In Wedekind (1995)...?
Females not on pill preferred males with different HLAs. On the pill they prefered those with similar
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Exposure to androstadienone (a metabolite of testosterone)...?
Affected speed dating ratings
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What is blindsmell?
Unconciously detecting smells
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What is a signal of distress found in tears?
Chemosignal
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What is the McClintock effect?
The synchronisation of menstrual cycles has a pheremone basis
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Is the McClintock effect well supported?
No, original studies were barely significant and accounting for random sync removes effect. No support from large scale long term. Why?
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Is there evidence suggesting lateralisation of the tongue?
Back
Yes, but not clearly defined
Card 3
Front
What makes a supertaster different from a normal taster?
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