How do the variance and standard deviation formulas differ?
The variance is the same as standard deviation without the square root.
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What do variance and standard deviation give an estimate of?
How scores vary around the mean
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What is 'Sums of Squares' used for?
Used in ANOVA to calculate different kinds of variance
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If scores cluster tightly around the mean, sums of squares are expected to be what?
Small
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If scores vary greatly around the mean, sums of squares is likely to be what?
Large
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If ** is small, how well does the mean represent the data?
It represents the data well
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If ** is large, how well does the mean represent the data?
It represents the data not so well.
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Variation between scores and the mean can also be viewed as what?
Error
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What does it mean when variables co-vary?
It essentially means they relate to each other i.e. if one changes then so will the other, for example amount of time studying and exam score are two variables that are likely to co-vary.
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A correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) is a standardised form of what?
Variance
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When a set of variables correlate highly, how high is their shared/covariance likely to be?
High
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What is meant when the data is described as 'Parametric'?
Where data is assumed to be equal
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what do t-tests essentially boil down to?
experimental effect divided by error/ noise
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What do p values represent?
The likelihood that a significant result has occurred by chance
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What is a Type 1 Error?
False Positive
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What is a Type 2 Error?
False Negative
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When is it appropriate to used a One- Tailed t test?
When you have a strong reason to predict a significant effect in a certain direction.
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What kind of t-test is more liberal and increases the chance of getting a significant effect?
One Tailed t-test
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What are the three kinds of variance in ANOVA
Between, Within and Total
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How do you calculate the F Ratio?
Between divided by Within groups variance or Model MS over Error MS
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What are the sample size requirements for a One-Way ANOVA?
30 cases in total and 10 cases per group.
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A large between groups variance and large within groups variance will lead to a what F ration statistic?
Large
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How do you calculate the Grand mean?
By working out the means for each individual group and then finding out the average of these means.
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What is the DF for between groups variance?
Number of groups -1
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What is the DF for within groups variance?
Number of Cases -1 x number of groups
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What is the DF for the total variance?
Number of cases - 1
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How do you calculate the Mean Square?
Sums of Squares/ Degrees of Freedom
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What does the mean square represent?
Average deviation from the mean, as opposed the total variation which is assessed via **.
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What are the cohen's d effect sizes?
0.01 small, 0.06, medium, 0.14 large.
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How do you calculate eta squared?
between groups ** and Total **
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When might we use a correlation as opposed to a t-test?
to determine the relationship between two continuous variables (as opposed to t-test where one is nominal)
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How do you determine strength of a correlation?
0.10 small, 0.30, medium, 0.50 large
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What do variance and standard deviation give an estimate of?
Back
How scores vary around the mean
Card 3
Front
What is 'Sums of Squares' used for?
Back
Card 4
Front
If scores cluster tightly around the mean, sums of squares are expected to be what?
Back
Card 5
Front
If scores vary greatly around the mean, sums of squares is likely to be what?
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