Introduction to social psychology

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What is social psychology?
The scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
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What are the two behaviours of humans?
Overt (driving, fighting) and more subtle (non verbal behaviour)
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Shove (2010)
Beyond ABC (Attitudes, behaviour, choice), models and concepts of social change restrictive
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What is focused on?
Individuals and behavioural choices and context as a 'catch all' variable, does not consider societal transformation - maintains status quo
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What did Whitmarsh, O'Neill and Lorenzoni (2010) suggest?
Overly simplistic portrayal of societal psychological models, separating of disciplinary perspectives
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What is the sociological approach not useful for?
Practical solutions
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What should individuals be a part of?
the solution alongside policy and social change
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What is ignored?
What political change needed to overcome current status quo
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What are the methodological issues?
Scientific methods to study social behaviour, hypotheses formed on the basis of a theory, empirical tests can falsify hypotheses
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Why is methodological pluralism important?
Minimises possibility that finding an artefact of method
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What are social psychological methods for?
Largely experimental - manipulation of IV and examining impacts on dependent variables
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What happens in lab conditions?
Low in external validity, high in internal validity
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What else is done?
Careful minimisation of demand characteristics, avoidance confounding - other factors vary in the line with IV
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What was included?
Random assignment of participants to conditions, many now conducted online, risk of increased error and unknown variables
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What is a field experiment?
Manipulate IV in the real world
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What is a field study?
No iv manipulation, observed differences
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What is their less control over?
Variables, random assignment sometimes difficult, difficult to observe without influencing, prone to experimental bias in observations
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What is the survey research?
Questionnaire or structured interview - Response set – purposeful or unintentional - Generalisation good given large samples possible - Careful interpretation needed
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What is the first research ethics?
Privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, reporting, destruction of data
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What is the second research ethics?
Natural behaviour, naive pps --> 50-75% of exp some degree a) No other non deceptive means exists, b) possibility of significant contribution to science, c) deception not expected to cause harm
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What is the fourth research ethics?
Informed consent: study info, written at any point/no reason
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
Individuals change their behaviour as a result of their awareness of being studied
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What is the fifth research ethics?
Debriefing: Explain rationale/context, justify deception, leaves without effects
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What is behaviourism?
Behaviour associated with positive situations or outcomes is increased
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What ideas did it originate from?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning
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What is neo-behaviourism?
Rather than focusing solely on studying behaviour intervening constructs that are not observable are important
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For example?
Beliefs, feelings, motives
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What is social modelling?
We imitate behaviour that is reinforced in others, exaggerate extent to which people are passive to the situation
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What is cognitive psychology?
We actively interpret and change our environment through our thinking, our cognitive processses and representations
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What are the origins in gestalt theory?
Social cognition currently dominant - how cognitive processes and representations are constructed and influence behaviour
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What is evolutionary social psychology?
Our behaviour is based on the ancestral part of the human development
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What theories is it based on?
General evolutionary psychology and Darwinian theory
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What are useful traits?
Adaptations that have developed through natural selection
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What is the same for the complex social behaviours?
Those that have survival value, e.g. cooperative, aggression will be passed on
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For example?
Can our genes account sufficiently account for the complexity of human behaviour
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What is the personality theory?
Our behaviour is depending on enduring individual differences and characteristics, people behave differently in different situations
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What is the collectivist theory?
People internally represent socially constructed group norms that influence behaviour, contrast with personality theories as top down from group to individual
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What is the neuroscience and biochemistry theory?
o Psychological processes happen in the brain and therefore must be associated with electro-chemical brain activity
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What has been found out about recent data?
Fraudalent data
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What is reductionism?
Overly reduces the complexity of an issue
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What does it explain a phenomena with?
Language and concepts at an overly low level of analysis, society in terms of groups, cognition in terms of neuropsychology
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What did Doise suggest?
Accept existence of different levels of explanation but must have a focus on constructing theories that formally integrate concepts from different levels
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What is positivism?
Science as a religion
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What is found?
- Non-critical acceptance of scientific method - Study of humans – ourselves – therefore biased, cannot be objective - Also devalues and ignores subjective and introspective data
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For example?
Operational definitions - defining theoretical constructs in a way that allows measurement and retesting
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What is hindsight bias?
Tendency for people to see a given outcome as obvious once actual outcome known
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What is community response to fraud?
Data sharing: Depositing anonymised data sets in shared repoistories, costly in time
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What is pre register studies?
Indicates analyses in advance, center for open science, time consuming, still relies on honest reporting
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What is replication of studies?
10 out of 13 effects replicated, 1 weakly supported, 2 not supported
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What do statistical developments do?
Detect fraudulent data
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the two behaviours of humans?

Back

Overt (driving, fighting) and more subtle (non verbal behaviour)

Card 3

Front

Shove (2010)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is focused on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Whitmarsh, O'Neill and Lorenzoni (2010) suggest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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