Conceptual and Historical Background

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 17-01-23 21:46
Who is Willam James?
- the founder of psychology
- he researched functionalism
- the impact of the environment on behaviour
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Who is Sigmund Freud?
- proposed a theory whereby personality is made up of three elements (id, ego and superego)
- mechanisms of defence
- psychosexual development
-unconscious mind
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What is the torches of freedom?
- In 1920 the American Tobacco Company asked Bernays for help in promoting cigarettes among women
- lighting a cigarettes were shown as freedom from men
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What is behaviouralism?
- a view popular in 1950/60s
- studying public information
- psychological methods at its core
-establishing statistical relationships between cause and effect
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- the idea that the basic needs are at the bottom of the pyramid model and growth needs are at the top
- physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualisation, transcendence
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What did Mehrebian find?
that we are viewed and judged
7% by spoken words
38% by voice
55% by body language
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What did Simon (1954) study and find?
- Bounded Rationality
- External factors
- Time constraints
- Number of operations prevents from proper reasoning
- Limited working memory
- Logic and probability bounded by human mind
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What did Tversky and Kahnemann (1974) study and find?
- Heuristics
- human mind's architecture prevents it from producing inferences
- rational thinking is an exception
- observing systematic regularities
- failures in drawing inferences
- simple and efficient decision-making rules that do no offer correc
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What did Payne, Bettman & Johnson (1993) study and find?
- intelligent adaption to the environment
- an individual possesses a variety of heuristic strategies for solving decision problems
-acquired through experience and formal learning
- a tool box/kit
-effort/correctness trade-off
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what did Gigerenzer (1996) study and find?
- ecological rationality
- decisions based on cues present in the context
- people are being treated to deal with world
- observing regularities
- familiar is alway better than unfamiliar
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What did Kruglanski (1989) believe?
-lay scientist
- every human activity is guided by knowledge construction process
- knowledge formation process is established on testing hypotheses and forming beliefs supported by conclusions derived from evidence
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What is the behavioural economic nudge?
- Based on a two systems theory – automatic & rational (Kahneman 2011) System I & System II (ELM?)
- We can be ‘nudged’ into different behaviour patterns(aka prompts) without shutting down choices
- Developed by Richard Thaler & Cass Sunstein (2008)
- e.g
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what is the impact of fake news and conspiracy theories?
- social contructionism = all meaning is socially created
- knowledge arises out of human relationships
- the knowledge created in a community has social, cultural and political consequences
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What is post truth?
people are more likely to accept an argument based on their emotions and beliefs, rather than one based on facts
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Card 2

Front

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Back

- proposed a theory whereby personality is made up of three elements (id, ego and superego)
- mechanisms of defence
- psychosexual development
-unconscious mind

Card 3

Front

What is the torches of freedom?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is behaviouralism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Back

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