Sociological explanations of voting behaviour

1. Their sample of affluent voters in Luton voted for Labour not because they're working class but for instrumental reasons (10, 8)
5. Young women are more likely to vote labour than young men, also noted that older women more likely to vote conservative than older men (6, 8)
9. Region is important in determining VB (urban = labour, rural = conservative) (7)
10. Young voters have limited engagement in traditional forms of participation due to their focus on identity politics rather than conventional issues (not apathetic towards politics just cynical) (5)

2. Identified a tendency for young women to be more left wing than young men (9, 6)
3. Deferential voter = 1/2 of working class conservative vote (older, female, rural areas). Secular voters = working class, younger, urban,) (8, 6)
4. Older, blue collar working class vote UKIP & vote leave in EU referendum due to being left behind by socio-economic change & the policy convergence of the main parties (6, 4)
6. Turnout at elections is lower for 18-24 year olds than older voters, being termed a switched off generation (9, 6)
7. After Iraq war Muslim voters switched from Labour to LibDem in 2005 GE (10, 5)
8. Working class is influenced by the values of capitalist society. Middle class deviant voters voted Labour due to desire to serve the community (6)

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