Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self-Concept

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 26-02-23 17:15
At what age to children have self-concept?
concept of self in humans develops at around age 2 – seen by experiments where they put a mark on the child’s face and put them in front of a mirror to see whether they notice it
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What is the difference in self identity across different cultures?
• Individualistic cultures (e.g., the U.K., much of Western Europe) stress the individual self: self-interest, many group memberships, individual identity, and heterogeneity.
• Collectivistic cultures (e.g., China, India) stress relational and collective
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What evidence is there supporting this?
Trafimow et al (1991):
Participants completed 20 ‘Who am I?’s – US College students used more individualistic statements than Chinese college students
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define self-schematic
a cognitive framework comprising organized information and beliefs about the self that guides a person's perception of the world, influencing what information draws the individual's attention as well as how that information is evaluated and retained.
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define aschematic traits
are not the fundamental traits for our self.
means not having a schema for a particular dimension. This usually occurs when people are not involved with or concerned about a certain attribute
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What is the possible self?
• Ideas about the self in the past and future
• A link between self and motivation
• ‘Feared’ and ‘Desired’ possible selves.
• Especially developed in areas of the self where we are self-schematic.
• In the young they are mostly positive but less so a
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What did Ruvolo & Markus (1991) find?
imagining success or failure (‘visualisation’) – Ps asked to imagine themselves succeeding worked longer on a problem-solving task.
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what is complexity?
both number of self-aspects and how independent they are
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What happens when people are less complex?
failure affects those of us with less complex selves more severely (see Dixon & Baumeister, 1991) – as they see themselves with less dimensions so will be more impacted when one of these dimensions is a failure.
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define self-concept
processing self-relevant information: self-evaluation and cognitive biases
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What is correlated to negative self-esteem
depression
anxiety
low confidence
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What did Pleban & Tesser (1981) find?
effect of success and failure in relation to self-definition – rigged knowledge test – they would tell them that another person got higher on the test that mattered to them than they did, then when they were asked if they wated to meet the person they wer
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What is the better than average bias?
the tendency for people to perceive their abilities, attributes, and personality traits as superior compared with their average peer.
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What are some examples of the better than average bias?
popularity
job performance
driving
intelligence
attractiveness
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How does it affect group work?
• Schlenker & Miller (1977)
when the group succeeds you believe that you were the most responsible for the win but when the group loses you believe that you have less responsibility than everyone else out in their group
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what is the self-serving bias?
a biased tendency to credit ourselves instead of external factors for our success.
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What does the self-enhancement bias allow us to do?
• Accept praise uncritically, but receive criticism sceptically
(Kunda, 1990)
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What is the self-verification theory?
proposes that people prefer others to see them as they see themselves, even if their self-views happen to be negative.
Swann (1984)
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What did Sedikides (1993) find when looking at self assessment vs self verification vs self enhancement?
Found that self-enhancement was strongest motive, with self- verification a distant second and self-assessment an even more distant third.
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What is the difference in self identity across different cultures?

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• Individualistic cultures (e.g., the U.K., much of Western Europe) stress the individual self: self-interest, many group memberships, individual identity, and heterogeneity.
• Collectivistic cultures (e.g., China, India) stress relational and collective

Card 3

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What evidence is there supporting this?

Back

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Card 4

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define self-schematic

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Card 5

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define aschematic traits

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