Humanistic approaches to personality

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What is motivation?
internal state, dynamic rather than static in nature that propels action, directs behaviour and is orientated towards satisfying both instinctual and cultural need and goals (Chamorrow-Premuzi, 2011;261
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What is it to be motivated?
To be moved to do something
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How do we infer motivation?
From the behaviours we observe
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How is personality defined?
As behaviours, thoughts and feelings
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what are the two ways of being motivated?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation
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What is intrinsic motivation?
from within, personal enjoyment e.g. education
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What is extrinsic motivation?
Goal orientated, external and seeks reward/ avoid punishment
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What are the historical roots of humanistic perspective?
we are all born good, and strive to reach our full potential
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What is humanistic historically rooted in?
existential philosophy - concerned with how we find meaning for our existence, what motivates us to keep on living
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What are the key elements of humanistic theory?
Uniqueness, free will, human responsibility for our choices
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Characteristics of humanistic approaches?
Personal growth, here and now, motivated to grow in positive way
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What is the therapist's aim?
to understand/ give insight not to provide solution
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What is phenomenology?
understanding the individuals experiences and consciousness
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What has the past helped?
To shape the person that we are/ able to be
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What was Carl Rogers' theory?
the theory of self
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what were the two aspects of Rogers theory?
bio; basic needs and psych; development of our potential
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What are we motivated by (Rogers)?
an innate striving for growth and self-acculisation
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What is the end point (Rogers)?
A fully functioning person
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what 3 characteristics make up the fully functioning?
self-determination and choice, positive self-concept and high self-esteem
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More of what, means we are less likely to be psych healthy?
COW; 'I'll do whatever it takes to be valued'
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What is self-concept?
Who you think you are outrises how others see you
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What is self-esteem?
feelings about knowledge - a realistic self-awareness and belief that we are basically ok
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in actualising tendency in development there is no...
stages, as infants engage in an organismic valuing process
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What is the emphasis on (ATD)?
The right environment for optimal development
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What has a high functioning parent likely to have?
self-actualised children, passed on by environment child is bought up on
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What was Carl Rogers therapy famous for?
being person centred
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what did this focus on?
the persons feelings
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what is a healthy person said to be?
in touch with their feelings
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what kind of approach is this?
empathic
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what kind of communication is it?
free and open all about self
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why does the client engage in this?
they want to know their true self - seek self-congruence i.e. consistency between ideal and real self
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Who measured self concept in 1953?
Stephenson
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How?
with 100 adjectives/ short statement e.g. I am ambitious
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How many categories were there?
9 i.e. 1 = descriptions most like, 9 = descriptions least like
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What does it measure?
current self-concept
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Evaluation of Rogers?
...
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what did Maslow study?
famous figures
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what were his characteristics of high satisfaction?
creative, think differently, peak experience, higher self-acceptance
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How do those with high satisfaction think?
differently, they have a non-judgemental form of thought
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What is a peak experience?
Activity has clear objectives/ goals - individual feels in control
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what motivates us?
Growth - developing individual potential e.g. thirst for knowledge
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The thirst for knowledge is...
unique to the individual - needs are about developing potential
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What is deficiency
Basic physiological needs we're motivated to fulfil (survival)
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What did Maslow develop
A hierarchy of needs
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What are his 3 core principles?
1. children: innate drive to develop 2. socialisation: listen to 'inner voice' and natural desire to row or follow parental dictates (lack of choice) 3. boundaries/ responsibilities
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Why was there a lack of detailed information of core principles?
there was no prior research by Maslow
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Who came up with self-determination theory (SDT) in 1985?
Deci & Ryan
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What is SDT?
3 innate psychological needs from the basis of self-motivation
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What are the 3?
1. Autonomy, 2. competence 3. relatedness
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what happens when we achieve our needs?
optimal function, well-being and growth
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What do Maslow's and SDT have in common?
Theories focus on identifying individual needs
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What kind of theories are these referred to as?
content theories of motivation - the focus is on what are needs are and how they relate to motivation to fulfil
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What does SDT consider?
Extrinsic motivation and how psych needs are supported or thwarted within a social context
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Who critiques motivational theories 2011?
Forbes
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What does Forbes argue?
the utility of motivation theories is limited by 3 shortcomings
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1st shortcoming is...
Failure to operate basic reflexes and bio based motivations from high-order social and cognitive motivations
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2nd is...
Tendency for theory to be embedded within a dominant theoretical paradigm or narrow area of interest
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3rd is...
Tendency to deal with motivations as discrete forces, without examining the similarities and linkages between them
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What did critiques of motivational theories lead to?
The development of a unified model of human motivation
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What is motivational interviewing?
building internal motivation for change
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who originally developed it?
Clinical psychologists Miller and Rollnick (1991)
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Who did they work with?
People with alcohol-related problems
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What is the focus on?
Facilitating client's intrinsic motivations to elicit change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
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What type of communication is it?
collaborative and goal-orientated style - with particular attention on the language of change
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Where is it used?
in healthcare and forensic settings
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How many principles do Miller and Rollnick outline?
5 core principles
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1...
Empathy through listening to convey understanding
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2...
Develop discrepancy between goals/ values and current behaviour
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3...
Avoid argument and confrontation
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4...
Adjust to client resistance
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5...
Support for self-efficacy and optimism by building confidence that change is possible
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what skills does the practitioner have to have?
Empathy and be able to use OARS; open-ended q's, affirmations, reflective listening and summaries
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A clients readiness to change reduces what?
risky behaviour
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and increases what?
engagement in treatment for substance misuse
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How has MI shown to reduce offending behaviour?
it improves retention in treatment, enhance motivations to change - although variations evident across studies (McMrran, 2009)
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What is mindfulness?
awareness, paying attention, consciousness, present moment, non-judgemental experience moment by moment
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mindfulness training increases
cooperative decision making in economic exchanges, underpinned by humanistic perspective
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What is it to be motivated?

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To be moved to do something

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How do we infer motivation?

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How is personality defined?

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what are the two ways of being motivated?

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