1. the left
2. the heart sits in the cardiac notch within the right lung, making it smaller
1 of 24
what separates the two lungs?
mediastinum
2 of 24
what is the point at which the trachea splits?
the carina - the trachea splits into the right and left bronchi known as bifurcation
3 of 24
name the types of alveolar cells and
their function
type 1- form the alveolar wall and permit gas exchange
type 2- secrete surfactant which prevents the alveolus from collapsing
type 3 (dust cells)- alveolar macrophages which defend the respiratory tract from pathogens and foreign particles
4 of 24
describe the role of cilia within the respiratory system
1. defence
2. they 'waft' particles and pathogen which have been caught in mucus up towards the pharynx
3. mucus is either swallowed and digested or coughed up and expelled
5 of 24
describe air flow
1. inspiration - an active process where the increase in lung volume causes air to be sucked in
2. expiration - a passive process where the decrease in lung volume forces air out
3. forced expiration is an active process which involves additional muscle
6 of 24
explain the diaphragm's shape
1. the diaphragm is made up of the right and left hemidiaphragms
2. both have a separate phrenic nerve supply but move in sync during respiration
3. the right hemidiaphragm is higher due to the liver position
7 of 24
explain compliance in relation to respiration
1. the ability of the lungs to stretch and deflate and the chest to expand
2. compliance equation = change in volume / change in pressure
3. high compliance causes 'baggy' lungs - seen in COPD patients
4. low compliance is seen with 'stiff' lungs (for e
8 of 24
how is oxygen stored around the body?
1. as gas in the lungs
2. dissolved in bodily fluids
3. as oxyhaemoglobin in the blood
4. as oxymyoglobin in muscles
9 of 24
explain the PO2 affinity and oxygen
disassociation curves
1. oxygen disassociation curves explain the PO2 of oxygen in relation to oxyhaemoglobin content
2. a left shift means an increased affinity - less O2 is given up
3. a right shift means a decreased affinity - more O2 is given up
10 of 24
list the factors which affect oxygen
disassociation curves
1. anaemia
2. temperature
3. 2,3-DPG
4. carbon monoxide
5. pH and PCO2
11 of 24
what are the 3 body buffering systems?
1. protein
2. phosphate
3. bicarbonate
12 of 24
what's the difference between metabolic
alkalosis and acidosis?
1. both cause nausea and confusion
2. metabolic acidosis is due to a loss of bicarbonate - usually through diarrhoea
3. metabolic alkalosis is down to acid loss - usually via vomiting
13 of 24
explain the difference between respiratory alkalosis and acidosis
1. respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation - anxiety, altitude sickness
2. respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation - anaesthesia, overdose, brainstem trauma
14 of 24
describe the neural respiratory control triangle
the central control system, sensors and effectors are linked together in order to produce efficient breathing
input from the lungs and chemoreceptors is sent to the medulla and PONS where output is sent to the respiratory muscles
15 of 24
what is the PONS function within breathing?
1. the pontine respiratory group
2. pneumotaxic control centre - controls breathing rate and pattern
3. apneustic control centre - helps instigate inspiration (inhibits expiration)
16 of 24
what is the medullary function within breathing control?
1. the dorsal respiratory group stimulates inhalation and the inspiratory muscles
2. ventral respiratory group contains the
pre-botzinger complex (the pacemaker) which sets the ventilatory rate and regulates the DRG
1. sneezing is an involuntary expulsion of air containing irritants from the nose
2. caused by irritation of the nasal musosa or excess fluid in the airway
3. expulsion has to be from the nose and mouth
19 of 24
explain obstructive disorders
1. where there is a reduced airflow
2. air usually remains in the lungs after exhalation
3. examples: asthma, COPD
20 of 24
explain restrictive disorders
1. there is a reduced lung volume
2. the chest wall reduces in expansion or there is reduced compliance of the lung parenchyma
3. examples: ILD, kyphoscoliosis
21 of 24
what is ILD?
1. interstitial lung disease
2. a group of disorders which affect the lung parenchyma
3. associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality
22 of 24
what are the stages of ventilation
during exercise?
1. phase I
2. phase II
3. phase III
4. recovery
23 of 24
what is oxygen pulse?
1. a measure of cardiovascular efficiency
2. O2 pulse = VO2/ heart rate
24 of 24
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what separates the two lungs?
Back
mediastinum
Card 3
Front
what is the point at which the trachea splits?
Back
Card 4
Front
name the types of alveolar cells and
their function
Back
Card 5
Front
describe the role of cilia within the respiratory system
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