A controlled experiment conducted outside a laboratory. They tend to have lower internal validity (+diffiult to control extraneous variables) and higher external validity (greater mundane realism). Participants are unaware of being studied- natural
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Laboratory Experiment
An experiment carried out in a controlled setting. Tend to have high internal validity (good control of variables). Tend to have low ecological validity as participants aware of being studied- more artificial. lacks mundane realism
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Natural Experiments
A research method in which the experimenter has not manipulated the IV. The researcher records the effects of the IV on the DV
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Quasi-Experiments
Studies that are 'almost' experiments.The IV doesn't vary at all- it's a condition that exists (characteristic). A lack of random allocation means that causal conclusions can only be tentatively drawn
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Demand Characteristics
A cue that makes participants unconsciously aware of the aims of a study or helps participants work out what the researcher expects to find.
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Investigator effects
Anything that an investigator does that has an effect on a participant's performance in a study other than what was intended. Includes direct effects and indirect effects. These may act as confounding or extraneous variables.
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Bias
A systematic distortion
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Generalisation
Applying the findings of a particular study to the population
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Opportunity Sample
A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
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Population
The group of people that the researcher is interested in, from whom a sample is drawn and from whom generalisations can be made.
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Random Sample
A sample of participants produced by using a random technique such that every member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected.
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Sampling
The method used to select participants
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Stratified Sample
A sample of participants used by identifying sub-groups according to their frequency in the population. Participants are then selected randomly from the sub-groups.
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Systematic Sample
A sample obtained by selecting every nth person. This can be a random sample if the first person is selected using a random method, you then select every nth person after that.
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Volunteer Bias
A form of sampling bias (distortion) because volunteer participants have special characteristics, such as being more highly motivated than randomly selected participants
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Volunteer Sample
A sample of participants that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample. Also called a self-selected sample.
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Front
Laboratory Experiment
Back
An experiment carried out in a controlled setting. Tend to have high internal validity (good control of variables). Tend to have low ecological validity as participants aware of being studied- more artificial. lacks mundane realism
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