Individuals become passive because they feel that they are not in control of their life. This helplessness leads to depression.
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Who studied learned helplessness?
Seligman et Al 1988
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How many people did Seligman et al study?
39 unipolar depressives and 12 bipolar depressives
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What research method did Seligman et al use?
A questionnaire that was completed at the start and finish of cognitive therapy + a year later. Ptps answer 12 questions on a 7 point scale
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What was the result of Seligman et al?
A pessimistic explanatory style correlates significantly with the severity of depression at all three time points
Explanatory style improved more significantly in unipolar depressives.
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What was the conclusion of Seligman et al?
It is explanatory style that needs changing in depressives to help them improve their mental health
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What is a strength of Seligman et al?
Highly applicable for therapists
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What is a weakness of Seligman et al?
Lack of honesty in questionnaires can mean less validity
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Who researched the biological explanation for depression? (and when)
Oruc et al 1998
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How many participants did Oruc et al have?
42 patients with bipolar-type disorder compared to 49 healthy controls
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How did Oruc et al research the biological explanation of depression?
Analysed and compared the DNA of participants diagnosed with bipolar-type depression and healthy people
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What were researchers looking for in the DNA in the research by Oruc et al?
Polymorphisms in serotonin receptors and serotonin transporters
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What were the results of Oruc et al?
No significant differences found between the groups
Females more likely to show both polymorphisms and also more susceptible to bipolar disorder
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What is the strength of Oruc et al?
It is scientifically done so is replicable which means it is reliable
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What is the weakness of Oruc et al?
May be culturally specific so hard to generalise
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Who researched the cognitive explanation of depression? (and when)
Beck 1979
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What factors did Beck believe made people cognitively vulnerable to depression?
Negative self view
Negative view of the world
Negative view of the future
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How do these factors make people more vulnerable to depression?
These negative views change the way that information is processed, becoming the default way of thinking, meaning all information coming in becomes negative
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