A testable statement about the relationship (difference, association etc.) between two or more variables.
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Calculated value
The value of a test statistic calculated for a particular data set.
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Case study
A research method that involves a detailed study of a single individual, institution or event. Case studies provide a rich record of human experience but are hard to generalise from.
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Coding
The process of placing quantitative or qualitative data in categories.
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Concurrent validity
A means of establishing validity by comparing an existing test or questionnaire with the one you are interested in.
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Content analysis
A kind of observational study in which behaviour is usually observed indirectly in visual, written or verbal material. May involve either qualitative or quantitative analysis, or both.
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Correlation coefficient
A number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely the co-variables in a correlational analysis are related.
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Critical value
In a statistical test the value of the test statistic that must be reached to show significance.
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Degrees of freedom
The number of values that are free to vary given that the overall total values are known.
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Ecological validity
The ability to generalise a research effect beyond the particular setting in which it is demonstrated to other settings.
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Empirical
A method of gaining knowledge which relies on direct observation or testing, not hearsay or rational argument.
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Face validity
The extent to which test items look like what the test claims to measure.
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Falsifiability
The possibility that a statement or hypothesis can be proved wrong.
The extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved in observations of a behaviour.
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Levels of measurement
Refers to the different ways of measuring items or psychological variables; the lower levels are less precise.
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Mundane realism
Refers to how a study mirrors the real world. The research environment is realistic to the degree to which experiences encountered in the research environment will occur in the real world.
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Null hypothesis
An assumption that there is no relationship/ no cause and effect
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One-tailed test
Form of test used with a directional hypothesis.
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Paradigm
‘A shared set of assumptions about the subject matter of a discipline and the methods appropriate to its study’ (Kuhn, 1962).
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Probability (p)
A numerical measure of the likelihood or chance that certain events will occur. A statistical test gives the probability that a particular sample did not occur if the null hypothesis for the population was true, i.e. there was no real effect.
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Reliability
Is consistency- the consistency of measurements. We would expect any measurement to produce the same data if taken on successive occasions.
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Significance
A statistical term indicating that the research findings are sufficiently strong to enable a researcher to reject the null hypothesis under test and accept the research hypothesis.
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Statistical test
Procedures for drawing logical conclusions (inferences) about the population from which samples are drawn.
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Temporal (historical) validity
Concerning the ability to generalise a research effect beyond the particular time period of the study.
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Test statistic
The name given to the value calculated using a statistical test. For each test this value has a specific name such as S for the sign test.
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Test-retest reliability
The same test or interview is given to the same participants on two occasions to see if the same results are obtained.
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Thematic analysis
A technique used when analysing qualitative data. Themes or categories are identified and then data is organised according to these themes.
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Two-tailed test
Form of test used with a non-directional hypothesis.
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Type I error
Occurs when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
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Type II error
Occurs when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that was not true.
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Validity
Refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine one.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Calculated value
Back
The value of a test statistic calculated for a particular data set.
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