Approaches
- Created by: emi2266
- Created on: 04-11-21 10:16
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- Approaches
- Behaviourism
- Assumptions
- Anything that can be observed and measured
- Reject introspection
- Basic processes govern learning
- Classical & Operant Conditioning
- Pavlov's Research - classical conditioning
- learnt via association
- Conditioned dogs to salivate when hear a bell
- Skinner's Research - operant conditioning
- Maintenance via consequence
- Positive Reinforcement - reward for certain behaviour
- Negative Reinforcement - doing something to avoid something unpleasant
- Punishment - unpleasant consequence
- Skinners Box w/ rats
- Evaluation
- + Credible b/c of Lab studies
- + Real-Life Application b/c treatments for phobias
- - Reductionist b/c seen as passive creatures
- Assumptions
- Social Learning Theory
- Assumptions
- learn through observation & imitation of others within a social context.
- occurs directly & indirectly through conditioning
- Vicarious Reinforcement
- not directly experienced
- only occurs if observed behaviour is rewarded b/c they learn the consequence
- Meditational Processes
- 1)Attention 2)Retention 3)Motor Reproduction 4)Motivation
- learning and performance don't need to occur together
- Bridge between learning theory & cognitive approach
- Identification
- Role Models cause modelling
- Encourages imitation more
- Evaluation
- + more comprehensive explanation
- - over reliant on lab studies, Bobo Doll Study
- - little focus on bio factors
- Assumptions
- Cognitive
- Assumptions
- Internal Mental Processes are studied scientifically
- study indirectly, make inferences
- Theoretical & computer models
- Information Processing - info flows through the cognitive system
- Mind compared to the computer - coding, stores.
- Schema
- Packs of info from experience & act as mental framework
- As we get older becomes more detailed
- Help us process info quickly, prevents us being overwhelmed but can distort our interpretations
- Evaluation
- + Credible Scientific Basis b/c of Lab experiments
- - Machine reductionism ignores human emotion
- - Application; only infer observations so low external validity
- Assumptions
- Biological
- Assumptions
- Biological Structures explain thoughts and behaviour
- Mind lives in the brain - behaviour and feelings have physical basis
- Genetic Basis
- Twin Studies - determine genetic basis by comparing concordance rates
- MZ - identical twins (100%) DZ - nonidentical twins (50%)
- Genotype & Phenotype
- Phenotype - characteristics deterimined by environment & genes
- Genotype - particular set of genes one possesses
- Human behaviour depends on interaction between inherit factors and environment
- Evolution & Behaviour
- Theory of Natural Selection
- Survival of the fittest
- Evaluation
- + Reliable; scientific methods of investigation
- + Application; helped develop drug treatment
- -Low Internal Validity; association not causation
- Assumptions
- Psychodynamic
- Assumptions
- Most of mind is unconscious - influences behaviour
- Unconscious
- hold repressed memories for safety
- Just below the conscious is preconscious - thoughts and dreams, cause Freudian Slips
- Personality
- Id - pleasure principle, drives & instincts, selfish and demands gratification
- Ego - reality principle, mediator - reduces conflict, defence mechanisms
- Superego - morality principle, sense of right & wrong, punishes ego
- Psychosexual stages
- unresolved conflict cause fixation
- Oral 1-0 yrs, pleasure of the mouth, desire of moms breast. Causes; smoking, biting nails
- Anal 1-3 yrs, pleasure of anus, pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. Causes: Anal Retentive/Expulsive Personality
- Phallic 3-5 yrs, pleasure of genital area. Causes: narcissism, homosexuality
- Latency - early conflicts repressed
- Genital - sexual desire is conscious along side puberty. Difficult to for heterosexual relationships
- Evaluation
- + Dominant force in psych, used to explain many things, connections to childhood
- +/- Based on Case studies e.g. Little Hans, subjective interpretations
- - Untestable concepts, doesn't meet falsification
- Assumptions
- Humanistic
- Freewill
- humans have free will - active agents in our development
- Reject scientific models - focus on subjective experience
- Self-Actualisation
- innate tendency to achieve full potential
- Highest point on Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Personal growth is essential but not everyone can manage it b/c of psychological barriers
- Self, Congruence & Conditions of Worth
- concept of self must have congruence w/ ideal self - if gap too big cannot be achieved
- Rogers Client-Centred Therapy help reduce gap
- states issues with face root in childhood and lack of unconditional love
- Parents set limits on love - conditions of worth can cause psychological problems
- Evaluation
- + Not Reductionist; advocate holism so more validity
- + Positive Approach, refreshing alternative
- - Lacks sound evidence & so limited application
- Freewill
- Behaviourism
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