Psychology-psychopathology

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  • Created by: Phoebe.C
  • Created on: 06-04-17 10:57
What is the deviation form social norms definition of abnormality?
Any behaviour that varies form the unwritten rules and norms of their society is considered as abnormal.
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What are the features of personal dysfunction identified by Rosenhan and Seligman?
Personal distress,Maladaptive behaviour,Unpredictability,Irrationality,Observer discomfort,Violation of moral standards and Unconventionality.
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What are the characteristics of ideal mental health identified by Jahoda?
Positive attitude towards oneself, Self-actualisation,Autonomy,Resisting stress,Accurate perseption of reality and Environmental mastery.
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What is the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?
An individual with characeristics that are ouside of two standard deviations from the average on a normal distribution curve are considered abnormal.
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What is a phobia?
A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterised by uncontrollable,extreme and enduring fears. 10% of people suffer from phobias with females having twice the incidence. They usually start in childhod but can become less extreme over time.
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What are the behavioural symptoms of a phobia?
Avoidant and anxiety responses and a disruption of functioning.
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What are the emotional symptoms of a phobia?
Excessive fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus
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What is a cognitive symptom of phobias?
Recognition that they anxiety levels that they experience are overstated.
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What are the trhee sub-types of phobias?
Simple phobias,Social phobias and Agoraphobia
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What is depression?
A mood order involving lengthy disturbances of emotions. About 20% of people will suffer with women twice as vulnerable as men.
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What are the behavioural symptoms of unipolar depression?
Loss of energy,Social impairment,Weight changes,Poor personal hygiene,Sleep pattern disturbance.
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What are the emotionl symptoms of unipolar depression?
Loss of enthusiasm,Constant depressed mood,Worthlessness.
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What are the cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression?
Delusions,Reduced concentration,Thoughts of death,Poor memory.
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What are the behavioural symptoms of Bipolar depression?
(In addition to the symptoms of Unipolar) High energy,Reckless behaviour,Talkative
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What are the emotional symptoms of Bipolar depression?
(In addition to the symptoms of Unipolar) Elevated mood states,Irritability,Lack of guilt.
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What are the cognitive symptoms of Bipolar depression?
(In addition to the symptoms of Unipolar depression) Delusions,Irrational thought processes.
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What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
An anxiety disorder where sufferers experience persistent intrusive thoughts. There is a 2% incidence with no real difference between genders.
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What are the behavioural symptoms of obsessions?
Hinder everyday functioning,Social impairment.
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What are the emotional symptoms of obsessions?
Extreme anxiety
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What are the cognitive symptoms of obsessions?
Recurrent,persisten thoughts,Recognised as self-generated,Realisation of innappropriateness,Attentional bias.
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What are the behavioural symptoms of compulsions?
Repetitive,Hinder everyday functioning,social impairment.
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What are the emotional symptoms of compulsions?
Distress
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What are the cognitive symptoms of compulsions?
Uncontrollable urges,Realisation of inappropriateness.
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How does classical conditioning explain the acquisition of phobias?
The stimulus becomes associated with fear through a negative experience involving the stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that already leads to fear.
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How does operant conditioning explain the maintenance of phobias?
Avoiding the stimulus acts as a negative reinforcer as anxiety is reduced so avoidance is more likely to occur.
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Research into the classical conditioning of phobias.
Watson and Rayner-Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a white rat as a loud noise was made by hitting a bar behind his head with a bar so he associated the rat with the noise.
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Di Gallo
20% of people in traumatic car accidents went on to develop phobias of travelling in cars and tended to make avoidance responses.
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What is systematic desensitisation?
Patients learn to replace fear with calm in stages. As fear and calm can not co-exist (reciprical inhibitation) they work up from the least feared to the most feared only moving on when they are calm.
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What is flooding?
The same as systematic desensitisation but they go straight to the top of the hierarchy.
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Research into flooding
Wolpe-drove a girl with a phobia of being in cars around for 4 hours until her hysteria calmed down.
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Barlow
flooding is seen to be equally effective in treating phobias as SD but SD is better tolerated by most patients.
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What is Beck's negative triad?
People become depressed because the world is seen through negative schemas of the world,oneself and the future. These schemas are fuelled by cognitive biases.
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What is Ellis' ABC model of depression.
A-activating event,B-Beliefs,C-consequences.
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Research into the cogntive conrol of emotion linked to depression
Beevers,Clasen,Stice and Schnyer-Different brain activation was found between the groups with low depression and with high depression during presentation of happy and sad faces in brain areas requiring cognitive control of emotional stimuli.
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Bourey et al
monitored students' negative thoughts with the BDI finding that depressives misinterpret fact in a negative fashion and feel hopeless about the future.
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How is REBT used to treat depression?
REBT involves reframing negative thoughts and challenging them into reinterpreting them in a more positive, logical way.
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Rsearch into the genetic explanation of OCD
Grootheest et al- meta-analysis-children-45-65%,adults-27-47%
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Neural explanations for OCD
Breakdowns in immune system functioning,damage to neural mechanisms.Relatively low levels of seretonin and high leves of activity in the orbitol frontal cortex.
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Research into neural explanations.
Fallon and Nields-40% of people contracting Lyme's disease incur neaural damage leading to psychiatric conditions including OCD.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Personal distress,Maladaptive behaviour,Unpredictability,Irrationality,Observer discomfort,Violation of moral standards and Unconventionality.

Back

What are the features of personal dysfunction identified by Rosenhan and Seligman?

Card 3

Front

Positive attitude towards oneself, Self-actualisation,Autonomy,Resisting stress,Accurate perseption of reality and Environmental mastery.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

An individual with characeristics that are ouside of two standard deviations from the average on a normal distribution curve are considered abnormal.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterised by uncontrollable,extreme and enduring fears. 10% of people suffer from phobias with females having twice the incidence. They usually start in childhod but can become less extreme over time.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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