principles of anesthesia

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 28-10-19 11:16
what is anesthesia
the elimination of sensation by the controlled, reversible suppression of nervous function with drugs
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3 aims of anesthesia
humanitarian, technical, legal
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what legislation manages anaethesia
protection of animals (anesthetics) act 1964
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what is hypoxia
abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood
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what are chemoreceptors
Nerve fibres that pick up blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what are the two types of chemoreceptors
central and peripheral
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where are central chemoreceptors and what are they sensitive to
situated along the surface of the medulla oblongata and are sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide
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where are peripheral chemoreceptors and what are they sensitive to
situated in the aorta and carotid body close to carotid arteries and are sensitive to a fall in oxygen content of blood
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what is tidal air
the air exchanged with each breath
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what is tidal volume
the volume of air exchanged with each breath (10-15mls/kg)
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what is minute volume
the volume of air exchanged in one minute
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what is respiratory rate
the amount of breaths taken in one minute
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how to work out minute volume
tidal volume x respiratory rate
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what are the 4 parts of the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood, elements of the autonomic nervous system
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what is the main aim of the cardiovascular activity
perfusion
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what is perfusion
The movement of sufficient volumes of blood containing oxygen and glucose, through tissue beds
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what do anesthetics do to CV function
depress function, perfusion and can cause O2 and glucose deprivation to vital tissues
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how is the heart rate controlled
nerve supply is through the autonomic nervous system and the balance between the para and sympathetic systems adjusts the heart rate
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what is tachycardia
excessively fast heart rate
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3 causes of tachycardia
sympathetic nervous system, pain, medical: hyperthyroidism, CHF
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what can tachycardia lead to
a reduction in cardiac output which can lead to cardiac arrest
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what is bradycardia
excessive slowing of the heart rate
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what is bradycardia caused by
most anesthetics
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what can bradycardia lead to
hypotension and reduce cardiac output
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what does ECG stand for
Electrocardiogram
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what does the P wave represent
arterial depolarization (SA>AV node, occurs from right to left)
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what can an inverted P wave indicate
an ectopic pacemaker
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what does QRS represent
ventricular dépolarisation
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what does a wide and bizarre QRS wave represent
a disruption of the hearts conduction system
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what is arrhythmia
a deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart
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what is neuroleptanalgesia
combining neuroleptics with opioid analgesics, they are does dependent
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what is sinus arrhythmia
a normal alteration in the rhythm of the heart quickens on inspiration and slows expiration
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what is a 1st degree AV block
a disassociation between P wave and QRS
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what species is a 1st degree block normal in
horses
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what is VPC
ventricular premature contractions (wide and bizarre QRS)
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what are the two factors which blood pressure is determined by
cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance
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what is cardiac output
the volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute
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what circumstances can the myogenic automatic contractions of the heart be overridden and why
fight/flight - myocardial contractility is increased during adrenaline release
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what is SVR
systemic vascular resistance
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what is SVR controlled by
the state of pre-capillary sprinters throughout the body - when they are close, SVR is increased and BP rises
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the 4 things that control the diameter of the pre-capillary sphincters
oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, neural control, hormones, drugs (e.g. ACP)
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what is BP monitored by and where are they
pressure receptors called baroreceptors which are primarily located in the carotid sinuses, aortic arch and in the walls of the heart
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what happens when BP deviations are picked up by the baroreceptors
receptors send impulses to the medulla which transmits a message to the peripheral blood vessels an date heart via the autonomic nervous system
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what is hypertension
elevated blood pressure
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3 cause sof hypertension
light/inadequate anesthesia, over infusion of blood, systemic disease
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what is hypotension
lowered blood pressure
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4 causes of lowered BP
systemic disease, hemorrhage, lowered systemic vascular resistance, anesthetic drugs (ACP)
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what are the 2 main types of drugs that effect CNS function
depressants, stimulants
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7 types of drugs that are depressants
general anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, narcotics, tranquillisers, neuroleptics, neuroleptanalgesicse
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how do general anesthetics effect CNS
eliminate sensation by causing unconciousness - the animal is unaware and unresponisive
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how do sedatives effect CNS
cause dose dependant CNS depression, producing drowsiness, lethargy and reduced activity
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how do hypnotics effect CNS
a drug that induced sleep
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how do narcotics effect CNS
depresses CNs causing diminished or complete unconciousness
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how do tranquilizers effect CNS
have a quietening effect that reduces anxiety
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what are neuroleptics
major ataractics/sedatives
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how do neuroleptics effect CNS
produce a state of mental detachment, relieve emotional stress without affecting the level of consciousness (ACP)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

3 aims of anesthesia

Back

humanitarian, technical, legal

Card 3

Front

what legislation manages anaethesia

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is hypoxia

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are chemoreceptors

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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