a person will differ along a continuum and there will be a degree of variability
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define type
a type is usually regarded as a category that is distinct and discontinuous, there is no variability
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define jingle fallacy
assuming that two different things are the same cause they bear the sane name
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define jangle fallacy
assuming that two things refer to the same phenomenon are different because they have different names
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what is the lexical hypothesis?
the personality traits most important and relevant to people become a part of their language:
- single words for most meaningful personality descriptors
- importance of frequency
- importance of traits reflected by number of terms
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How many traits did Allport and Odbert (1936) proposed?
16
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define idiographic
emphasises the uniqueness of individuals
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define nomothetic
focuses on similarities between groups of individuals. individuals are unique only in the way their traits combine
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What did Catell (1965) do?
took a subset of Allport and Odbert's personality trait terms
used a factor analysis revealed 12 factors which was used to modify the 16 personality factors
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Who proposed the Big Five?
Fiske (1949)
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Who proposed the five factor solution?
Tupes & Christal (1962/1992)
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What did Eysenck (1947) find?
observed responses in specific situations
typical responses = habitual response
particular traits emerge
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what are the super traits?
sociability
neuroticism
psychoticism
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What did Costa and McCrae (1992)?
• Broke with lexical tradition
• Statements that participants agree/disagree with can better access components of personality
• Analysed the data
• Data-driven hypothesis, not one based on a theory that there are 5 factors, which is then tested
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Who developed the HEXACO model?
Ashton & Lee (2007)
honesty- humility
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What ways are there to measure personality?
EPQ (Eysenck)
TIPI (Gosling)
BFI-2 (Soto)
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Other report advantages and disadvantages?
adv = quick, easy, cheap, close peer has good insight, convergent perspective
dis = peer has no access to inter thoughts, some traits much harder to judge externally
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What are Mischel's criticisms?
Traits didn’t necessarily predict behaviour
Trait models largely descriptive.
Problems arise when looking for cross-situational consistency of behaviour that can be predicted on the basis of traits.
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What did Newcomb (1929) find?
Behavior patterns which were supposedly measures of the same trait were no more closely correlated than any others. There was practically no trait
consistency.
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What did Funder (2007) argue?
Situations are of greater importance than traits in determining behaviour.
Implies personality assessment is a waste of time and intuitions we have about peoples’ traits are flawed.
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What is cognitive-affective personality system?
accounts for variability of behaviour and the stability of personality systems that generates it
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What is good about the five factor theory?
includes situation
dynamic = allows change, learning
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
define type
Back
a type is usually regarded as a category that is distinct and discontinuous, there is no variability
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