PE Paper 1- the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system

Identify the bones in the head/neck/shoulder and chest

Cranium
Vertebrae
Scapula
Humerus
Ribs
Sternum

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Identify the bones in the elbow/hip/knee/ankle

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Fibula
Talus

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How does the skeletal system provide structure for movement?

Allows movement at a joint
The shape and type of bones determine type of movement:
Short bones - finer movement
Long bones - gross movement
Flat bones - protect vital organs
Different joints allow different types of movement
The skeleton provides poin

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Identify and explain the functions of the skeleton

Support - muscles and organs are kept in place
Protection of vital organs (flat bones)
Movement- different types of joint allow different types of movement
Structural shape - points of attachment ( different bones allow different types of movement)
Miner

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Identify the muscles in the upper body

Latissimus Dorsi
Deltoid
Rotator cuff
Pectorals
Biceps
Triceps
Abdominals

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Identify the muscles in the lower body

Hip flexors
Gluteals
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior

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Definition of tendons

Very strong cords which attach muscle to bone

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Definition of ligaments

Bands of fibres that are attach bone to bone linking joints together

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Identify the structures of a synovial joint.

Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Joint capsule
Bursae
Cartilage
Ligaments

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Identify the two types of freely movable joints that allow different movements

Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint

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Identify the type of joint at the elbow, knee and ankle

Hinge joint

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Identify the type of joint at the shoulder and hip

Ball and socket

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Identify the different types of movement in the body.

Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Plantar flexion
Dorsi flexion

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Identify and explain the types of movement which can occur at the shoulder

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

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Identify and explain the types of movement which can occur at the ankle

Plantar flexion
Dorsi flexion

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Identify and explain the types of movement which can occur at the elbow

Flexion
Extension

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Identify and explain the types of movement which can occur at the knee

Extension
Flexion

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Definition of agonist

Muscle of group responsible for movement (prime mover)

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Definition of Antagonist

Muscle that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist (they work in antagonistic pairs)

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Identify and explain the two main types of contraction

Isometric - muscle contracts but the muscle length does not alter (e.g. plank)
Isotonic - muscle contracts and the muscle changes length

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Define eccentric contraction

Lengthening of the muscle
Downwards phase of squat

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Define concentric contraction and give an example

Shortening of the muscle occurs
Upwards phase of bicep curl
Running - flexion at the knee

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Explain the role of the bursae in a synovial joint

Sacks of fluid which reduce friction

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Explain the role of the cartilage in a synovial joint

Tough but flexible smooth elastic tissue which prevents friction and stops bones rubbing together - acts as a shock absorber

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Explain the role of the joint capsule in a synovial joint

Encloses and supports joint

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Explain the role of the synovial fluid in a synovial joint

Provides lubricaton for the joint

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Explain the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint

Secretaries synovial fluid

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Define abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

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Define Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body

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Define Flexion

Decreasing the angle of the bones at a joint

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Define extension

Increasing the angle of the bones at a joint

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Define Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes at the ankle increasing the angle of the ankle joint

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Define Dorsi flexion

Lifting the toes at the ankle decreasing the angle of the ankle joint

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Define Rotation.

Movement around an axis

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Define circumduction

Turn in or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane)

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Explain how skeletal and muscular systems work together to bring about movement (6 points)

The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
When muscles contract they pull on bones to create movement
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs
When one muscle contracts (agonist shortens) the other is re

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PE Paper 1- the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system

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