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  • Created by: WStrudel
  • Created on: 22-11-17 19:51
What are the bones in the head and neck/back?
Cranium and Vertebrae, mandible (jaw)
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What are the bones in the shoulders?
Scapula, Humerus
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What are the bones in/around the chest?
Ribcage, Sternum,
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What are the bones at the elbow?
Radius, Ulna, Humerus
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What are the bones at the hip?
Pelvis/Illium, femur
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What are the bones at the knee?
Femur, Tibia, fibula, patella (sits on top of the knee)
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What are the bones at the ankle
Talus, tibia, fibula
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What are the bones in your hand called?
Carpals (wrist), metacarpals, phalanges
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What are the bones in your feet called?
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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What is the collar bone called?
Clavicle
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What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
To support, to protect vital organs, movement, structural shape and ponts for attachment, mineral storage, blood production
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What are the 4 bodily systems that have to work together for a performer to work at the best of their ability?
Skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory systems
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What are the 4 types of bones in our body?
Long, short, irregular, flate (plate) bones
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What do long bones do for us? Give 3 examples of long bones
Create leverage, allows us to perform big movements.....Fibula, humerus, Femur
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What do short bones do for us? Give 3 examples of short bones
They help us perform fine and small movements.....Carpals, talus, tarsals
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What do irregular bones do for us? Give 2 examples of irregular bones
Generally for protection.....Lumbar vertebrae, patella,
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What do flat bones do for us? Give 3 examples
They protect organs and provide attachment for muscles.....Cranium, sternum, ribcage
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What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet
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What are the 3 types of joint
Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly moveable), synovial (freely moveable)
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What is the feature of a fibrous joint? Give an example
The bones are fused together and so are immovable......Cranium
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What is the feature of the cartilaginous joint? Give an example
There are small gaps between the bones which are normally filled with cartilage providing a small amount of movement.......bones of the vertebral column
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What are the features of a synovial joint?
Joint cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, ligament, tendon, cartilage, bursae, joint capsule
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What are ligaments?
They are tough bands of tissue that attach bones together. They support the joint.
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What is synovial fluid?
A lubrication to allow friction-free movement
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What is bursae?
Small pockets of synovial fluid to reduce friction across a joint and the tendons
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What is the joint cavity?
Small gap between the bones filled with synovial fluid
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What does the joint capsule do?
It holds the bones together and protects the entire joint
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What does the synovial membrane do?
Lines the inside of the capsule and produces synovial fluid
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What does cartilage do?
It cushions between the bones to stabilise the joint. It also acts a shock absorber to allow easy movement. It can stop rubbing between the joint and bone during movement
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What are the basic movements of the human body?
Adduction, abduction, flecion, extension, rotation, plantar and dorsiflexion
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What are the two synovial joints?
Ball and socket and hinge joints
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What is the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body?
The skeletal system provides movement at a joint. The shape and type of bones allow for different movements, short bones (finer movement, long bones (leverage). The different joints allow for different types of movement-hinge (extension, flexion)
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What is the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body?
Ball and socket (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation). The skeleton provides a point of attachment to muscles-when muscles contract they pull the bone
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What are the three types of muscles in our body?
Involuntary, voluntary, cardiac
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Give 3 examples of where involunatary muscles are found
Intestinal walls, blood vessels, urinary organs
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Give an example of a cardiac muscle
Heart
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What are the main (ones we've learned) voluntary muscles we use?
Deltoid, trapezius, bicep, tricep, pectorals, abdominals, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, tibialus anterior, rotator cuffs, hip flexors,
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What is the origin of the muscle (in terms of movement)?
The point where the muscle tendons attach to the stationary bone
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What is any other muscle(s) that assist the 'prime mover' during a movement called?
Synergists
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What is the 'prime mover' during a movement called (the muscle)
The agonist
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What is the muscle that is relaxing/relaxed during a movement during a movement?
The antagonist
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What are the two types of muscle contraction and what are the two types of contraction in an isotonic contraction?
Isometric and isotonic (concentric, eccentric)
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What are concentric and eccentric contraction?
Concentric contractions are when the muscle shortens (the one working), an eccentric contraction lengthens the muscle and assists the movement of the prime mover
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What is an isotonic contraction? Give two muscles to do with this
It's where the muscle remains the same legth during a contraction.....Abdominals, (any contraction when the performer is stationary)
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What does the term insertion mean (during a movement)?
The point where the muscle tendon attaches to the moving bone (going towards the origin)
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Where would you find a cardiac muscle? give the name of one
Around the heart. Intercostal muscle
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Using an example, how does the musculoskeletal system work together to produce movement?
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons, the origin attaches to the bone that doesn't move insertion attaches to the bone that does, muscles can only pull, antagonistically paired muscles (one contracts, the other relaxes)
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Using an example, how does the musculoskeletal system work together to produce movement?
Ligaments keep the joint stable, movement can only occur at a joint, a relevant sporting example to explain this
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Name the piece of apparatus that measures lung volumes
Spirometer
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What are the labels to go on a lung volume trace diagram ?
Total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, reserve volume
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What is the function of elastic tissue in arteries?
To recoil. So they can return to normal shape after getting bigger or smaller
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What is vasodilation?
Where the diameter of the arteries increase
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How do we inspire?
The diaphragm contracts flattening it, chest cavity enlargens. Intercostal muscles causes ribs to rise, furthermore increasing the chest cavity and the volume. Chest cavity pressure reduces, air drawn into lungs, air passes outside lungs to inside
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How de we inspire?
higher pressure outside lungs to lower pressure inside lungs
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How de we exhale?
Diaphrgm returns to normal shape, ribs descend causing the chest volume to decrease. Chest cavity size reduces, pressure in lungs is too great and so air is expelled. Air passes to high pressure in lungs, to low pressure in brochi and trachea
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What is the order the pathway of air takes place?
Nasal cavity/Mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. The oxygen goes into capillaries (surrounding alveoli) and into blood stream.
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What is gaseous exchange and where does it take place?
Exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream . Takes place in the alveoli and capillaries in our lungs. The short distance between the alveoli and capillaries helps the spread of gaseous exchange
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What is diffusion?
Where an area of high concentration moves to an area of low concentration
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What factors help the speed of diffusion?
Large surface area of alveoli across the lungs, alveoli are one cell thick, alveoli surfaces are moist, short diffusion distance between alveoli and capillaries, alveoli get a rich blood supply from the capillaries
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What breathing muscles are used to inspire air during exercise?
Sternocleidomastiod and pectorals
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What is the function of the cilia?
To catch dust particles
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What is the function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?
To keep the trachea constantly open
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Why does oxygen diffuse into the blood?
Concentration of blood is higher in the alveoli than the capillaries
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What is the function of haemoglobin?
To transport oxygen around the body. Carbon dioxide can also be carried round
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What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that enters your lungs during normal inspiration at rest
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What is vital capacity?
The largest volume of air which can be expired during a deep inhalation
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What is the inspiratory residual volume?
The amount of extra air inspired during a deep inhalation
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What is the expiratory residual volume?
The amount of extra air expired during a forceful exhalation
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What is residual volume?
The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration
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Why is the heart divided into two halves?
So the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don't get mixed up
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What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
Transport (blood, water, oxygen, nutrients and removes waste products), protection (antibodies, blood clotting), body temperature control(blood absorbs heat and carries it to the lungs and to the skin where it's then released
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The ciruclatory system has four main parts, what are they?
Heart, Blood, Blood vessels, Pulmonary and systemic Circuits
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What is diastole?
The atria and ventricles relax
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What is systole?
The atria contracts first sending blood into the ventricles which then contrct forcing the blood into the arteries
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Where are the two places you can easily take your pulse
Carotid(throat) and radial(wrist) arteries
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What is anticipatory rise?
Where adrenaline is released before exercise which slightly increases our heart rate
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What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped into your arteries every heart beat
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What is cardiac output and how can we work it out?
It's the amount of blood that has been pumped out of the heart in a minute...................Stroke volume x bpm =cardiac output ml/min
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How does the heart work as a double pump?
Left side pumps oxygenated blood to body via aorta, also recieves oxygenated blood via pulmonary vein. Right side collects deoxygenated blood from body via vena cava, heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary artery to dispose Co2 and gain O2
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What is the formula for aerobic exercise?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
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What is the formula for anaerobic exercise?
Glucose = Carbon dioxide + water + energy + lactic acid
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What is lactic acid?
A waste product from broken down glucose
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What is oxygen debt/ EPOC
It's where your body needs more oxygen than it's able to take in from the air. This will be replenished by massive amounts of inhalations
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What is DOMS?
Delayed onset of muscle soreness
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How can a performer prevent DOMS?
Ice baths, stretching of the muscles used during exercise, cooldowns, massages
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How does an ice bath help prevent DOMS?
It narrows blood vessels emptying waste products out of the affected tissues. Also reduces swelling.
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How does doing an active cooldown prevent DOMS?
Gently lowers heart rate/blood pressure, relaxes muscles,
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How does a massage help prevent DOMS?
Encourages blood flow, reduces swelling in muscles
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How will re-hydrating help prevent DOMS?
Replenish energy stores so muscles contractions are efficient.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the bones in the shoulders?

Back

Scapula, Humerus

Card 3

Front

What are the bones in/around the chest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the bones at the elbow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the bones at the hip?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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