Pavlovian Conditioning

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what is pavlovian conditioning?
pairing of neutral stimulus with biologically significant event that changes behaviour
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what is conditioned stimulus? (CS)
initially neutral stimulus which is predictive of a biologically relevant stimulus
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what is unconditioned stimulus? (US)
biologically relevant stimulus
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what is an unconditioned response? (UR)
US causes this
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what is conditioned response? (CR)
following conditioning, the CS causes this
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what is rabbit eye blink conditioning?
rabbits have nictitating membrane on their eye - electric shock on eye and pair it with something and blink in response to it
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what are the UR, US, CS, CR in eye blink conditioning?
UR = blink during shock, US = mild shock, CS = tone, CR = blink during tone
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when are animals not worth studying?
when stressed
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how do animals learn categories?
trained at tone frequency and test on range of frequencies and get generalised response to similar frequencies/tones
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what is autoshaping and when is it used?
way of automatically shaping animals behaviour to get a response - used in nice repetitive rewards
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example of autoshaping in pigeons?
light comes up when food is delivered so light is predictive of food - pecks at light when comes on after learning - pairing between US and CS
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what is taste aversion learning?
LiCl (lithium chloride) injected to make people feel sick - rotating chair makes people feel sick
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rats water aversion experiment
rats given almond and vanilla flavoured water - given LiCl with vanilla but not almond - drank almond not vanilla
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what is conditioned suppression
given mild electric shock followed by tone and see how much stop pressing lever - conditioned freezing/fear - see how much animal startles at tone
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what are the mechanisms of learning?
representation of CS in memory - if CS is activated it can activate US - or if association between CS and CR if CS is still activated and US evoked unconditioned response
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what are the two pathways of association?
stimulus-response pathway (CS-CR) and stimulus-stimulus pathway (CS-US)
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what did Colwill & Motzkin (1994) find?
paired tone with food, light paired with sucrose - pellet was followed by LiCl so food was no longer liked -weaker responding to tone than light (presented with CS, followed by US, and show CR)
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what did Holland (1990)
didnt want to drink water that hadnt been poisoned - showed aversive responses as learnt it was dangerous
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S-S learning evidence?
when light presented they showed response would normally show to the tone and showing light was predictive of tone
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what did rizley & rescorla (1972) find?
stage 1 light is predictive of tone, and stage 2 tone is predictive of light - test that they should have fear CR to the light - light activated a memory of the tone which activates a memory of shock
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what is association formation?
change in behaviour following conditioning - other possible explanations are habituation and sensitisation
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why are control groups necessary in experimentation?
changes in behaviour could be due to familiarity (best group is a truly random group - Rescorla 1967)
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what is overshadowing?
learning about two CS's simultaneously
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what is the effect of prior learning on conditioning? (Kamin 1969)
stronger CR in group C that had no prior learning as it was a bigger surprise, compared to group E that had element of conditioning of noise/shock - less is known, creates stronger surprise and stronger CR
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what is inhibition?
one stimulus indicates absence of another - tone is paired with mild shock, tone-light compound followed by no shock and light predicts absence of shock
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what two tests, test that an animal isnt expecting a stimulus?
retardation test: train inhibitory stimulus with US and to be successful should be slower than learning with novel-non inhibitory. summation test: present inhibitory stimulus with conditioned exciter to reduce effect of conditioned exciter
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Pearce, Nicholas & Dickinson (1982) - summation test and retardation test
light becomes conditioned inhibitor through conditioned training and then used retardation test by pairing light with shock - slower learning about light and in summation test showed weaker responding in light and noise group than noise alone
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what is latent inhibition?
due to over time a familiar CS reduces salience or becomes expected so isnt surprising
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explain rotating chair experiment?
3 groups: group 0 (no previous exposure) get nausea in chair, group 3 (pre-exposure) show smaller conditioned response and also group 1
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how is anticipatory nausea and vomiting best explained?
through classical conditioning - CS is hospital environment, US is chemo, UR is sickness, CR is sickness
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what did Bovbjerg et al (1992) find? - chemo
group of women undegoing chemo given novel drink before chemo and nausea response assessed in novel environment - chemo can serve as a US for nausea
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what did rodriguez et al find? - rats sickness
rat in sick context and assess nausea - LiCl injection then put into room when feel ill and put into test context and ate less sucrose - so can get associations with places and nausea
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how can we make learning worse?
blocking, overshadowing and latent inhibition
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what is blocking?
pre-training an association between a neutral thing and illness would block a further association - but not practical intervention
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what is overshadowing?
group of patients consuming salient drink before chemo felt more sick after chemo than group who had water - good intervention
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what is latent inhibition?
less context conditioning in experimental group - during first & second conditioning sessions, nausea is induced by rotation - overshadowing has reduced context conditioning and latent inhibition has increased context conditioning
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Card 2

Front

what is conditioned stimulus? (CS)

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initially neutral stimulus which is predictive of a biologically relevant stimulus

Card 3

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what is unconditioned stimulus? (US)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is an unconditioned response? (UR)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is conditioned response? (CR)

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